Arctic

摘要： The global population during the last 100 years has increased from 2 to 7.7 billion,causing an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.In order to see how population increase is directly related to physical variables of the climate,this Perspective article places observations and scenarios of climate change into context and puts forth a statistical modeling study on how the sensitive Arctic climate responds to the increasing population.The relationships between population,Arctic sea-ice extent(SIE),and surface air temperature(SAT)are very strong,with the increasing population explaining 96%of the decreasing SIE and about 80%of the increasing SAT in the Arctic.Our projection for the SIE using the population as a“proxy predictor”for a projected population of 10 billion people on the Earth in 2100,yields a SIE of 9.30 and 8.21 million km 2 for a linear and squared relationship,respectively,indicating no“tipping point”for the annual ice extent in this century.This adds another dimension to climate understanding for the public at large using population as a proxy variable,instead of the more abstract CO_(2)parameter.This also indicates that it is important to attempt to limit the ongoing increase in population,which is the main cause of the greenhouse gas emissions,in addition to reducing per capita emissions by an exponential increase in implementing renewable energy,a formidable challenge in this century.

摘要： Glacial meltwater runoff is a dynamic ecosystem.On the one hand,nutrient concentration changes as it flows from upstream to downstream,and on the other hand,bacterial community structure changes due to its contact with nearby soil during the flow process.We studied meltwater and soil in the Midre Lovénbreen glacier region,to explore changes in bacterial diversity as meltwater flows,and the relationship between meltwater and soil bacterial diversity.As glacial meltwater flows from upstream to downstream,the relative abundance of dominant bacterial groups changes.In addition,we found that during the flowing process,nutrient exchange and bacterial contact had occurred between the meltwater runoff and the soil.As a result,the distribution patterns of some bacteria in the meltwater are very similar to those in the soil.Finally,we combined distance-based redundancy analysis and weighted correlation network analysis to show that NO_(3)^(-)-N and NO_(2)^(-)-N are the most two significant factors affecting glacial meltwater and soil,respectively.Our results suggest that in such a close-knit ecosystem,the interaction of glacial meltwater with soil,as well as environmental factors,together determine bacterial community composition.

摘要： With the accelerated warming of the world,the safety and use of Arctic passages is receiving more attention.Predicting visibility in the Arctic has been a hot topic in recent years because of navigation risks and opening of ice-free northern passages.Numerical weather prediction and statistical prediction are two methods for predicting visibility.As microphysical parameterization schemes for visibility are so sophisticated,visibility prediction using numerical weather prediction models includes large uncertainties.With the development of artificial intelligence,statistical prediction methods have received increasing attention.In this study,we constructed a statistical model with a physical basis,to predict visibility in the Arctic based on a dynamic Bayesian network,and tested visibility prediction over a 1°×1°grid area averaged daily.The results show that the mean relative error of the predicted visibility from the dynamic Bayesian network is approximately 14.6%compared with the inferred visibility from the artificial neural network.However,dynamic Bayesian network can predict visibility for only 3 days.Moreover,with an increase in predicted area and period,the uncertainty of the predicted visibility becomes larger.At the same time,the accuracy of the predicted visibility is positively correlated with the time period of the input evidence data.It is concluded that using a dynamic Bayesian network to predict visibility can be useful over Arctic regions for projected climatic changes.

摘要： The reality of plastic pollution is no longer under debate:It has invaded our daily lives and is present all around us,with our oceans being no exception.In fact,a seventh“continent”has appeared in the oceans,composed of plastics and microplastics!Newspapers including Le Monde in France and The Guardian in United Kingdom recently headlined the record rate of microplastic accumulation in the Arctic Ocean.These headlines referred to an article published in Nature Communications[1]that reported the finding of up to 12000 plastic microparticles per liter of water frozen in the sea ice.Given this finding,what future solutions can counteract this particularly insidious pollution?

摘要： Northern Fulmars(Fulmarus glacialis)are a pelagic seabird species distributed at northern and polar latitudes.They are often used as an indicator of plastic pollution in the North Sea region,but data are lacking from higher latitudes,especially when it comes to chicks.Here,we investigated amounts of ingested plastic and their characteristics in fulmar chicks from the Faroe Islands.Plastic particles(≥1 mm)in chicks of two age classes were searched using a digestion method with KOH.In addition,to evaluate if additive tissue burden reflects plastic ingestion,we measured liver tissue concentrations of two pollutant classes associated with plastic materials:polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)and several dechloranes,using gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry.The most common shape was hard fragment(81%)and the most common polymer was polyethylene(73%).Plastic contamination did not differ between either age class,and we found no correlation between neither the amount and mass of plastic particles and the concentration of additives.After comparison with previous studies on adult fulmars,we do not recommend using chicks for biomonitoring adults because chicks seem to ingest more plastics than adults.

摘要： Global challenges,such as human-induced climate change,food security,nuclear non-proliferation and infectious diseases have led to transitions and transformations world-wide,which also necessitated international cooperation to address these multi-layered challenges accordingly.While alarming rate of melting sea ice and loss of glaciermass,as well as depletion of natural resources have carried the terms sustainability and sustainable development at the top of the global agenda,the diplomatic value of cross-border scientific networks are increasingly recognized in polar regions.The tools and techniques of foreign policy are obliged to comply with a world of increasing scientific and technical complexity in order to formulate an effective diplomacy process.Hence,at the nexus of science and diplomacy,science diplomacy holds potential to promote sustainability governance across the Arctic region.The aim of this study is to examine the role of science diplomacy as a new form of governance in the Arctic.How science diplomacy generates solutions for inherent tensions,as well as its boundaries and limitations are also discussed.

摘要： 他是一位摄影师,用自己的足迹与相机记录了俄罗斯北部的风光。People say that once you have the Arctic in your system,it will always be calling you.I spent my childhood running about the tundra and watching the Northern Lights as I walked to school in the polar night.

摘要： 文中的主人公们去寒冷的北极住了长达两年。是什么让她们选择了这样一种生活呢?Sunniva Sorby and Hilde F覽lun Str覬m are isolating themselves in the High Arctic of Svalbard,Norway,about 78 degrees north of the Arctic Circle.It’s the second winter the explorers will spend in a remote cabin with no running water or electricity to study,educate,and raise awareness of climate change.They have an online Hearts in the Ice platform which connects students,scientists,environmental organizations,businesses.

摘要： The icy beauty of the Arctic attracts thousands of visitors every year to see its wonderful wildlife,landscape and local cultures.Visitors can take ships on a voyage along the Arctic Ocean or take flights to cities along the Arctic edge.No matter how one gets there,they should wear warm clothes and get ready to take in the attractions.

摘要： The Arctic can be a very cold place.But many animals and birds live there.The arctic fox has thick fur.The fox’s coat keeps it warm.It also helps it hide.It is brown in summer and white in winter.Polar bears live in the Arctic,too.They are really big bears.They also have thick fur.They can swim a long way in very cold water.They move well on land,too.