climate

摘要： China’s first carbon dioxide(CO_(2))measurement satellite mission,TanSat,was launched in December 2016.This paper introduces the first attempt to detect anthropogenic CO_(2) emission signatures using CO_(2) observations from TanSat and NO_(2) measurements from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument(TROPOMI)onboard the Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor(S5P)satellite.We focus our analysis on two selected cases in Tangshan,China and Tokyo,Japan.We found that the TanSat XCO_(2) measurements have the capability to capture the anthropogenic variations in the plume and have spatial patterns similar to that of the TROPOMI NO_(2) observations.The linear fit between TanSat XCO_(2) and TROPOMI NO_(2) indicates the CO_(2)-to-NO_(2) ratio of 0.8×10^(-16) ppm(molec cm^(-2))^(-1) in Tangshan and 2.3×10^(-16) ppm(molec cm^(-2))^(-1) in Tokyo.Our results align with the CO_(2)-to-NOx emission ratios obtained from the EDGAR v6 emission inventory.

摘要： Despite that several studies have shown that data derived from species lists generated from distribution occurrence records in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility(GBIF)are not appropriate for those ecological and biogeographic studies that require high sampling completeness,because species lists derived from GBIF are generally very incomplete,Suissa et al.(2021)generated fern species lists based on data with GBIF for 100 km×100 km grid cells across the world,and used the data to determine fern diversity hotspots and species richness-climate relationships.We conduct an evaluation on the completeness of fern species lists derived from GBIF at the grid-cell scale and at a larger spatial scale,and determine whether fern data derived from GBIF are appropriate for studies on the relations of species composition and richness with climatic variables.We show that species sampling completeness of GBIF is low(<40%)for most of the grid cells examined,and such low sampling completeness can substantially bias the investigation of geographic and ecological patterns of species diversity and the identification of diversity hotspots.We conclude that fern species lists derived from GBIF are generally very incomplete across a wide range of spatial scales,and are not appropriate for studies that require data derived from species lists in high completeness.We present a map showing global patterns of fern species diversity based on complete or nearly complete regional fern species lists.

摘要： In work features of a hydrological regime of catchments of the river of the Pripyat in climate change are considered.Researches of meteorological characteristics of the given territory show the tendency to growth,both tem­peratures of air,and precipitation,evaporation from a surface of water and ground also show the tendency to increase.That is not unequivocally re­flected in change of a course of hydrological characteristics waters objects of territory.On a part of pools of the rivers the mid-annual runoff of water in the rivers in time tends to growth,and Change of levels of subsoil waters decreases for parts-on a turn-here,as a rule,tends a course in time oppo­site to a mid-annual runoff of water in the rivers.Change of the maximal temperature of water in the rivers in time repeats the tendency of a course of a runoff of water in them,i.e.at increase in a runoff of water in the riv­ers-the maximal temperature increases,and at reduction-decreases.The increase in temperature of a superficial component of a runoff of the rivers occurs because of the general increase in temperature of air in considered territory.Silt charge waters in all territory decreases,despite of increase in quantity of atmospheric precipitation and increases or reduction of a runoff of water in the rivers.The relationship between the water runoff layer and precipitation and soil moisture has a certain time delay.The average annual water temperature over time shows a tendency to increase at almost all stations,while the change in the maximum water temperature in rivers over time has a multidirectional tendency and to a greater extent depends on the change in water depth in the river,a decrease in high water maximums and frequent thaws,etc.The studies carried out show that the preservation of moisture in thick layers of soil(0 cm-100 cm)contributes to an increase in water flow in rivers and in the modern conditions of Polesie of Ukraine this will solve a number of problems with the provision of high-quality water resources for various industries and the population.

摘要： Fishery reservoirs in Bukhara region are located in the lower reaches of the Zarafshan River and are one of the most important reservoirs in western Uzbekistan. Based on the research conducted in the natural and artificial fishery reservoirs of Bukhara region and the analysis of the literature on ichthyofauna of the region, it has been identified that 31 species of fish belonging to 6 genera and 12 families are found in the region. Of these 31 species, 23 species are listed in the Red Data Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and 5 species in the Red Data Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

摘要： The soil resources of Sierra Leone remain an integral part of sustainable agricultural development but knowledge of the suitability of soils and their management requirements for a variety of land uses is still lacking to a greater extent. In this view, a detailed soil survey of three chiefdoms in Northern Sierra Leone was undertaken to evaluate the genesis of soils and interpret soil-landscape properties and their relationships using the toposequence and free style approach of soil survey. Three major soil types, viz, gravelly, gravel-free over gravel and gravel-free soils, formed either directly or indirectly from weathered and disintegrated parent materials of two geologic origins namely Rokel River Series (comprising of sandstone, shale and mudstone), and Granite and Acid Gneiss were identified. The gravelly soils are formed from sandstone and sandy shales of the Rokel River Series, which upon weathering released iron and hydrated oxides that hardened into plinthite upon drying. The gravel-free over gravel soils are formed from acid gneiss containing acid and intermediate igneous and metamorphic rocks, which upon weathering produced sandy clay textured soils whereas the gravel-free soils are derived from sedimentary rocks (shales and mudstones) of Rokel River Series, which upon weathering and action of organisms produced sandy clay loam and sandy clay textured soils. The gravel-free over gravel soils are mostly located in the summit and back slopes and show dark brown to dark yellowish-brown hue and moderate chroma, weak to moderate structure and absence of coarse fragments in the 0 - 40 cm layer, and a strong brown hue and high chroma, very weak fine angular blocky structure having abundance of coarse fragments from 40 cm and above. In these soils, the compactness of ironstone and sandstone gravels increases with depth. The gravel-free soils are found on three landscape positions, viz, back slopes, foot slopes and toe slopes. On the back and foot slopes, the soils are characterized by very dark brown to dark yellowish-brown hue and high chroma, sandy loam to sandy clay texture, coarse angular to moderate sub-angular blocky structure and absence of coarse fragments throughout the horizon. In these soils, the clay content and sand grain sizes were observed to increase with depth. On the toe slopes, the soils show black to greyish-brown hue and low chroma, silty loam to sandy loam, structureless and high water holding capacity.

摘要： Background:Cork oak agroforestry systems(AFS)have been managed for centuries by humans to produce cork and other goods and services and have recently been recognised as an important reservoir for biodiversity improvement and conservation.However,despite having recently been included as a natural habitat of community-wide interest within the EU Habitats Directive,these systems are in a critical situation of decline.Among other factors,they are strongly threatened by climate change,the effects of which are also expected to be particularly severe in the Mediterranean region.In this study,we aimed to evaluate the influence of climate variability by examining primary production indicators and also to analyse whether the geographical location may have a role in the incidence of the adverse effects of climate.Methods:Cork oak AFS were identified in the Forest Map of Spain and the Land use map of Portugal and categorized on the basis of canopy cover.Seasonal climate data from 2001 to 2020 were used to model relationships with climate predictors and proximity to the coast.Hotspot analysis was conducted to identify significant spatial clusters of high-and low-efficiency areas.Results:The responses to the influence of climatic conditions differed among the various cork oak AFS categories,particularly in the forest category,which was less dependent on climate variations.Relative humidity and water availability were the main drivers of net primary production(NPP).Carbon use efficiency(CUE)was limited by relative humidity and spring temperature in open ecosystems.Proximity to the coast proved beneficial,especially in years with adverse weather conditions,but was not a limiting factor for survival of the ecosystem.Finally,the results of the hotspot analysis supported the other findings,highlighting high-efficiency areas close to the coast and cold spots grouped in specific areas or dispersed inland.Conclusions:Canopy plays a key role in the influence of climatic conditions,particularly in forest categories in which a high density seems to generate microclimate conditions.Water availability,both via the soil and air moisture,is the main driver of primary production,reflecting different adaptive strategies.The oceanic atmosphere may act as a buffer in years of extreme drought.

摘要： Background:The present article questions the relative importance of local-and large-scale processes on the long-term dynamics of fire in the subalpine belt in the western Alps.The study is based on soil charcoal dating and identification,several study sites in contrasting environmental conditions,and sampling of soil charcoal along the elevation gradient of each site.Based on local differences in biomass combustion,we hypothesize that local-scale or landscape-scale processes have driven the fire history,while combustion homogeneity supports the hypothesis of the importance of large-scale or macro-ecological processes,especially climate.Results:Biomass burning during the Holocene resulted from the nesting effects of climate,land use,and altitude,but was little influenced by slope exposure(north versus south),soil(dryness,pH,depth),and vegetation.The mid-Holocene(6500–2700 cal BP)was an important period for climate-driven biomass burning in the subalpine ecosystems of the western Alps,while fires over the last 2500 years appear much more episodic,prompting us to speculate that human activity has played a vital role in their occurrence.Conclusion:Our working hypothesis that the strength of local drivers should offset the effects of regional climate is not validated.The homogeneity of the fire regime between sites thus underscores that climate was the main driver during the Holocene of the western Alps.Long-term subalpine fires are controlled by climate at the millennial scale.Local conditions matter for little in determining variability at the century scale.The mid-Holocene was a chief period for climatic biomass burning in the subalpine zone,while fires during the late Holocene appear much more episodic,suggesting that social drivers has exercised key function on their control.

摘要： This work reviews the opportunities to make the communication of Carbon Footprint more effective,starting from the experience of CFI(Carbon Footprint Italy)and moving in the direction of CFIA(Carbon Footprint International Alliance).In view of the implementation of the ambitious policies set globally,requiring a quick and irreversible decarbonization of all the sectors,it is crucial to guarantee that transparent,reliable,and effective information is provided to the public.The analysis is built on CFI,the Italian initiative,and is focused on the global initiatives that are evolving worldwide.To ensure the best communication possible of carbon footprints all around the world,it becomes necessary for all the programmes to apply the same,credible rules and collaborate in view of a mutual,multilateral recognition.Built upon the experience of MLA(Multi-Lateral Agreements)among accreditation bodies,the CFIA aims at gathering the existing initiatives to create a strengthened international network to boost the global recognition of carbon footprints,thus facilitating the enhancement of virtuous companies in the global market.

摘要： Is GI(Green Infrastructure)viable to mitigate urban pluvial flood caused by extreme storm events?Limited research and planning have been undertaken in recent years,but little practice has been found in the real world.This retrospective study provides an example of mitigating pluvial flood by LID(Low Impact Development)principal and practices and transforming an old,ultra-dense low-income community into a climate change resilient community.The key findings include keeping flood control in mind when designing GI in the beginning;mimicking the sites’hydrologic characteristics as much as possible;outreaching to residences for maintenance issues from the beginning and monitoring the performance of GI facilities continuously.Technically,bioretention growing media with higher infiltration rate is specified that must be great than 150 mm/h in short term and 80 mm/h for long term;this paper chose low maintenance permeable pavement products avoiding clogging;and increasing parking space without compromising the design goals.

摘要： Based on 60 years of climate data from three national-level stations in Ziyang City,the characteristics of interdecadal variations of temperature,humidity,precipitation and sunshine that were closely related to heat island effect were analyzed.The data of township regional stations were used for comparison.The results show that the heat island effect value of Ziyang was between 0.3 and 4.3°C.It was the highest in 2015,up to 4.3°C;the minimum 0.3°C appeared in 2011.The average heat island strength in the past 10 years was 1.2°C,and the average heating rate was 0.12°C/a.Among the four seasons,the highest value of heat island effect was 3.2°C in summer,while the lowest value was 1.2°C in winter.The order of heat island value in various seasons is as follows:summer>autumn>spring>winter.