Evolution

摘要： Background and Objective: Bladder cancer frequently occurs between the ages of 50 years and 70 years and rarely occurs before the age of 40 years. It accounts for 1% - 4% of all cases of cancer. This study focuses on the clinical, etiological, histological, therapeutic, and evolutive profiles of patients with bladder cancer aged less than 45 years. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was carried out over seven years (from January 2014 to December 2020) on 15 patients below 45 years of age who were being treated for bladder cancer. The diagnosis was made in all patients via cystoscopy and abdominal computerized tomography, while the nature, grade, and degree of infiltration were determined via endoscopic resection and pathology. Results: The mean age of the 15 patients in this study was 34.4 ± 5.19 years. In 86.6% of cases, the patients had macroscopic hematuria as the main presenting complaint. Twelve patients (80%) had bladder tumors that did not infiltrate the muscle. These patients were followed up clinically. In 86.6% of cases, there was a single tumor with a mean diameter of 2.53 cm. In four patients (26.6%), mitomycin was started early. The overall rates of tumor recurrence and progression were 26.6% and 20%, respectively. Conclusion: Bladder cancer also occurs in young people, with similar clinical and epidemiological profiles as exists in elderly patients. The prognosis of bladder cancer in young people depends on the treatment method chosen by the physician.

摘要： Many mammals risk damage from oxidative stress stemming from frequent dives(i.e., cycles of ischemia/reperfusion and hypoxia/reoxygenation),high altitude and subterranean environments, or powered flight. Purine metabolism is an essential response to oxidative stress, and an imbalance between purine salvage and de novo biosynthesis pathways can generate damaging reactive oxygen species(ROS). Here, we examined the evolution of 117 purine metabolism-related genes to explore the accompanying molecular mechanisms of enhanced purine metabolism in mammals under high oxidative stress. We found that positively selected genes,convergent changes, and nonparallel amino acid substitutions are possibly associated with adaptation to oxidative stress in mammals. In particular, the evolution of convergent genes with c AMP and c GMP regulation roles may protect mammals from oxidative damage. Additionally, 32 genes were identified as under positive selection in cetaceans, including key purine salvage enzymes(i.e., HPRT1), suggesting improved re-utilization of non-recyclable purines avoid hypoxanthine accumulation and reduce oxidative stress. Most intriguingly, we found that six unique substitutions in cetacean xanthine dehydrogenase(XDH), an enzyme that regulates the generation of the ROS precursor xanthine oxidase(XO) during ischemic/hypoxic conditions, show enhanced enzyme activity and thermal stability and diminished XO conversion activity. These functional adaptations are likely beneficial for cetaceans by reducing radical oxygen species production during diving. In summary, our findings offer insights into the molecular and functional evolution of purine metabolism genes in mammalian oxidative stress adaptations.

摘要： Konosirus punctatus is an economically important marine fishery resource and is widely distributed from the Indian to Pacific oceans.It is a good non-model species for genetic studies on salinity and temperature adaptation.However,a high-quality reference genome has not yet been reported.

摘要： 俄罗斯最大的金融机构俄罗斯联邦储蓄银行(Sberbank)委托瑞士建筑工作室Evolution Design为其在莫斯科Kutuzovsky大道上2座相邻的高层塔楼——Sberbank City设计一个有代表性的入口,近日,Evolution Design以大胆惊艳的设计语言,出色地完成了这一极具挑战的任务。设计师以曲面的建筑形式,将2座塔楼之间的外部空间连接在一起,从远处看去,宛如一顶耀眼的王冠,呈现无比震撼的视觉效果。

摘要： NuPrime Evolution STA在减少失真方面取得了突破性进展,称之为ODC失真消除设计,是多年来持续推进的先进D类音频技术。在音质方面可与旗舰Evolution One媲美。双单声道配置的立体声功率放大器,额定功率为230W(8Ω)。

摘要： Ferns and lycophytes have remarkably large genomes.However,little is known about how their genome size evolved in fern lineages.To explore the origins and evolution of chromosome numbers and genome size in ferns,we used flow cytometry to measure the genomes of 240 species(255 samples)of extant ferns and lycophytes comprising 27 families and 72 genera,of which 228 species(242 samples)represent new reports.We analyzed correlations among genome size,spore size,chromosomal features,phylogeny,and habitat type preference within a phylogenetic framework.We also applied ANOVA and multinomial logistic regression analysis to preference of habitat type and genome size.Using the phylogeny,we conducted ancestral character reconstruction for habitat types and tested whether genome size changes simultaneously with shifts in habitat preference.We found that 2 C values had weak phylogenetic signal,whereas the base number of chromosomes(x)had a strong phylogenetic signal.Furthermore,our analyses revealed a positive correlation between genome size and chromosome traits,indicating that the base number of chromosomes(x),chromosome size,and polyploidization may be primary contributors to genome expansion in ferns and lycophytes.Genome sizes in different habitat types varied significantly and were significantly correlated with habitat types;specifically,multinomial logistic regression indicated that species with larger 2 C values were more likely to be epiphytes.Terrestrial habitat is inferred to be ancestral for both extant ferns and lycophytes,whereas transitions to other habitat types occurred as the major clades emerged.Shifts in habitat types appear be followed by periods of genomic stability.Based on these results,we inferred that habitat type changes and multiple whole-genome duplications have contributed to the formation of large genomes of ferns and their allies during their evolutionary history.

摘要： 1 Introduction and Main Results In[7],we have studied the evolution of tidal energy for the motion of two gravitating incompressible fluid balls with free boundaries obeying the Euler-Poisson equations.

摘要： The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)global pandemic can be a severe illness that leads to morbidity and mortality.With the increasing number of COVID-19 pneumonia survivors,several long-term changes may persist,including abnormal imaging of lung parenchyma.In addition to the clinical course,it is vital to follow up on pulmonary imaging during the post-infectious period,which is not routinely required in other common pulmonary diagnoses.Computed tomography(CT)scan of the chest is an effective and diagnostic tool for pneumonia which gives an insight into structural abnormalities within the lungs,complications,and possible progression of the disease.Several studies have monitored COVID-19 pneumonia and its complications using serial CT chest imaging from the initial phase of infection,hospitalization,and post-discharge.Nonetheless,long-term follow-up imaging data in post-COVID-19 is still limited.We have summarized the findings utilizing a systematic review of the literature regarding COVID-19 pneumonia imaging,including long-term follow-up.

摘要： Studies on the formati on and evolutio n of the solid electrolyte in terface(SEI)film under different ambient temperatures are important to understand the failure behavior of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).Herein,in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)test is performed on the whole discharge process of Si@Graphite@C/Li cell at 0,25 and 55°C,respectively.Combining with scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterizations,it is found that the SEI film undergoes a complicated evolution process of pre-formation,self-improvement and gradual decay in succession at 25°C.Besides,due to the dissolution of organo-alkyl lithium at high temperature,the formed film is mainly composed of LiF,Li_(2)CO_(3) and other in organic salts,which helps to decrease the impedance.However,the electrolyte is consumed continuously on the new exposed in terface,leading to the degraded performance of the cell.Moreover,the dyn amic properties of Li^(+) ions are poor at low temperature,though the migration ability of Li^(+) ions in the solid phase can be improved as the cycle goes on.Therefore,the development and application of in-situ EIS tech no logy are expected to become an important means to explain the electrochemical performance of batteries.

摘要： Based on the four-times-daily ERA-Interim data with the resolution of 0.75°×0.75°,the structure and evolution characteristics of a transverse shear line(TSL)over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in April 2017 were analyzed,and the influence mechanism of the frontogenesis and frontolysis caused by the upper-level jet on its evolution was also investigated.The results show that the TSL was mainly located near the axis of the positive vorticity zone,which was a low-value area of the wind speed.It was a shallow baroclinic system with weak ascending motion.In the vertical direction,the TSL extended to the lowest height at 00:00 and the highest at 18:00.In the horizontal direction,the length of the TSL in the east-west direction was relatively shorter during 00:00-06:00 and relatively longer during 12:00-18:00.Besides,the position of the TSL was slightly northward at 06:00 and slightly southward at 18:00.The moving direction of the TSL was generally consistent with that of the upper-level jet.In addition,the vertical stretching height of the TSL and the near-surface wind speed were positively correlated with the intensity of the upper-level jet.The calculation by frontogenesis function indicates that the frontogenesis(frontolysis)was conducive to the formation(weakening)and strengthening(dissipation)of the TSL.The horizontal deformation-induced and diabatic heating-induced frontogenesis were favorable for the formation of the TSL,while the middle-level horizontal convergence-induced and diabatic heating-induced frontogenesis were beneficial to its maintenance.Besides,the moving direction and baroclinicity of the TSL over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were determined by the horizontal deformation-induced frontogenesis.In the frontogenesis function,the terms of horizontal deformation and horizontal convergence together determined the position of the TSL,and the diabatic heating term was conducive to the upward extension of the TSL.

摘要： The detailed transmission electron microscopy observations of the immature carbon nanotubes (CNTs),obtained at relatively low temperatures by floating chemical vapor deposition (CVD), indicate that they can be viewed as intermediate objects and record rich and convincible traces about CNT evolution.The results clearly show that the CNT formation in floating CVD follows the particle- wire- tube stepwise evolution mechanism and also provide detailed information about the particle coalescence and structural integration and extension.This new knowledge not only gives a clearer picture for the CNT evolution in floating CVD but also might provide a general method for mechanism studies for other synthesis processes.

摘要： 基于Compact Differential Evolution算法的光刻机掩模台微动台的机械参数软测量方法，属于半导体制造装备技术领域及机械参数测量领域。为了解决现有工件台微动部分机械参数估计算法精度差的问题。所述方法包括如下步骤：步骤一：根据掩模台微动台的机械机构及其理论设计，建立微动台的理想运动学模型，确定待测机械参数，建立掩模台微动台含差模型；步骤二：给定位置输入，驱动微动台运动产生位移，将实际输出位移与通过建立的掩模台微动台含差模型计算出的输出位移值做差，作为导优的目标函数；步骤三：根据目标函数，利用Compact Differential Evolution优化学习算法确定待辨识的机械参数。它用于微动台的机械参数求取。

摘要： 基于Compact？Differential？Evolution算法的光刻机掩模台微动台的机械参数软测量方法，属于半导体制造装备技术领域及机械参数测量领域。为了解决现有工件台微动部分机械参数估计算法精度差的问题。所述方法包括如下步骤：步骤一：根据掩模台微动台的机械机构及其理论设计，建立微动台的理想运动学模型，确定待测机械参数，建立掩模台微动台含差模型；步骤二：给定位置输入，驱动微动台运动产生位移，将实际输出位移与通过建立的掩模台微动台含差模型计算出的输出位移值做差，作为导优的目标函数；步骤三：根据目标函数，利用Compact？Differential？Evolution优化学习算法确定待辨识的机械参数。它用于微动台的机械参数求取。