toxicity

摘要： Aluminum is an abundant metal in the earth’s crust that turns out to be toxic in acidic environments.Many plants are affected by the presence of aluminum at the whole plant level,at the organ level,and at the cellular level.Tobacco as a cash crop(Nicotiana tabacum L.)is a widely cultivated plant worldwide and is also a good model organism for research.Although there are many articles on Al-phytotoxicity in the literature,reviews on a single species that are economically and scientifically important are limited.In this article,we not only provide the biology associated with tobacco Al-toxicity,but also some essential information regarding the effects of this metal on other plant species(even animals).This review provides information on aluminum localization and uptake process by different staining techniques,as well as the effects of its toxicity at different compartment levels and the physiological consequences derived from them.In addition,molecular studies in recent years have reported specific responses to Al toxicity,such as overexpression of various protective proteins.Besides,this review discusses data on various organelle-based responses,cell death,and other mechanisms,data on tobacco plants and other kingdoms relevant to these studies.

摘要： Ramulus et Uncus Uncariae is one of the 31 regional characteristic Chinese medicinal materials identified by Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2021,with antihypertensive,antiarrhythmic,anti-cerebral ischemia,sedative,antithrombotic,anti-tumor and other pharmacological effects,and is neurotoxic and hepatotoxic.In this article,the chemical constituents,pharmacological effects,toxic effects,toxic manifestations in whole animals and mechanism of toxicity of Ramulus et Uncus Uncariae are reviewed.

摘要： BACKGROUND Bisphenol A(BPA)is present in many plastic products and food packaging.On the other hand,fertaric acid(FA)is a hydroxycinnamic acid.AIM To investigate the effect of FA on BPA-related liver,kidney,and testis toxicity,DNA breakdown,and histopathology in male rats.METHODS Thirty male albino rats were divided into five equal groups(6 rats/group):Control,paraffin oil,FA-,BPA-,and FA+BPA-treated groups.The control and paraffin oil groups were administered orally with 1 mL distilled water and 1 mL paraffin oil,respectively.The FA-,BPA-,and FA+BPA-treated groups were administered orally with FA(45 mg/kg,bw)dissolved in 1 mL distilled water,BPA(4 mg/kg,bw)dissolved in 1 mL paraffin oil,and FA(45 mg/kg,bw)followed by BPA(4 mg/kg,bw),respectively.All these treatments were given once a day for 6 wk.RESULTS BPA induced a significant decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase,acid phosphatase,sodium,potassium and chloride,testosterone,dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate,glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,and testis protein levels but a highly significant increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,γ-glutamyl transpeptidase,lactate dehydrogenase,bilirubin,urea,creatinine,uric acid,luteinizing hormone,follicle stimulating hormone,sex hormone binding globulin,blood urea nitrogen,and testis cholesterol levels.Also,FA inhibited the degradation of liver,kidney,and testis DNA content.Oral administration of FA to BPA-treated rats restored all the above parameters to normal levels.CONCLUSION FA ameliorates BPA-induced liver,kidney,and testis toxicity,DNA breakdown,and histopathological changes.

摘要： Beyond the efficacy of herbal remedies, there is always a serious concern for safety. A safety study was carried out on the root of Boscia senegalensis (per) plant prior to its intended use in a bioassay. The root of Boscia senegalensis per (capparaceae) was collected from Tureta Local Government Area of Sokoto State in August, 2011 and pulverized into a dry powder. About 700 g of the powder was extracted with methanol for six hours using Soxhlet extractor. The phytochemical study of the plant material was conducted and the median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was determined in rats orally according to modified Lorkes’ method. A sub-acute toxicity study was carried out with male albino rats dosed 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg body weights daily for 28 days of the extract. The animals were sacrificed on the 29th day and blood collected through cardiac puncture for hematological and biochemical screening for renal and hepatic status. The testes, liver and kidney were collected and stored in 10 percent formalin for histopathological examination. The phytochemicals present in the root alcoholic extract of Boscia senegalensis were alkaloids, phytosteroids and triterpenoids in appreciable quantity, saponins anthraquinones and tannins in moderate quantity while flavonoids were absent. The LD50 is equal to or above 5000 mg/kg body weight. Supportive of the safety profile of the plant, a 28-day oral administration of the extract produced no significant effect on the creatinine, albumin, total protein concentration at all doses and there was a significant reduction in liver enzymes. The hematological evaluation showed that the extract on a prolonged administration had no significant effect. The histology of the kidney and liver were normal. There was a significant increase in the relative weight of the testis, area of the interstitial space and the diameter of the seminiferous tubules when compared to the control group histologically. The plant root extract may be relatively safe (6000 mg/kg body weight) following oral administration in white albino rats and possesses testicular histopathological effect probably due to the presence of alkaloids saponins, triterpenoids and anthraquinones.

摘要： Computer analysis of N-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide compounds by in silico method revealed high probability of antibacterial (antimycobacterial), anti-tuberculosis (antituberculosic), antiviral (Influenza), antitumor (antineoplastic) 9 > Pa > 0.5 and with a low probability of cytotoxic/cytostatic (cytostatic/cytotoxic) activities. An experimental study by in vitro and in vivo methods allowed us to conclude that studied new synthetic compound N-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-thiosemicarbazide in the studied concentrations has a pronounced bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects.

摘要： [Objectives]The paper was to study the toxicity of 9 biocontrol microbial products to adult population of Lasioderrma serricorne.[Methods]Nine biocontrol microbes were used as test materials to study their toxicity to the experimental population of L.serricorne adults.[Results]The toxicities of these biocontrol microbes from low to high at 5 d post spraying were:Luhai Beauveria bassiana powder(LC_(50)=462.752×10^(8) spores/L),Meichongzhi B.bassiana powder(LC_(50)=9713.157×10^(8) spores/L),Yiqiang Bio B.bassiana powder(LC_(50)=11203.321×10^(8)spores/L),Nongbao Bio B.bassiana powder(LC_(50)=12188.866×10^(8) spores/L),Yeshengwang B.bassiana powder(LC_(50)=21685.532×10^(8) spores/L);Fatu Bacillus thuringiensis suspension(LC_(50)=1.0844×10^(8) IU/L),Laojite B.thuringiensis suspension(LC_(50)=2.056×10^(8) IU/L),Lujinwa B.thuringiensis powder(LC_(50)=2.273×10^(8) IU/L),Nongbao Bio B.thuringiensis powder(LC_(50)=18.399×10^(8) spores/L).The toxicities of these biocontrol microbes from low to high at 10 d post spraying were:Nongbao Bio B.bassiana powder(LC_(50)=0.072×10^(8) spores/L),Yiqiang Bio B.bassiana powder(LC_(50)=2.484×10^(8) spores/L),Luhai B.bassiana powder(LC_(50)=44.551×10^(8) spores/L),Meichongzhi B.bassiana powder(LC_(50)=96.447×10^(8) spores/L),Yeshengwang B.bassiana powder(LC_(50)=723.347×10^(8) spores/L);Lujinwa B.thuringiensis powder(LC_(50)=0.0001×10^(8) IU/L),Fatu B.thuringiensis suspension(LC_(50)=0.045×10^(8) IU/L),Laojite B.thuringiensis suspension(LC_(50)=0.0644×10^(8) IU/L),Nongbao Bio B.thuringiensis powder(LC_(50)=1.899×10^(8) spores/L).The toxicities of these biocontrol microbes from low to high at 15 d post spraying were:Meichongzhi B.bassiana powder(LC_(50)=0.001×10^(8) spores/L),Nongbao Bio B.bassiana powder(LC_(50)=0.01×10^(8) spores/L),Yiqiang Bio B.bassiana powder(LC_(50)=0.084×10^(8) spores/L),Luhai B.bassiana powder(LC_(50)=2.370×10^(8) spores/L),Yeshengwang B.bassiana powder(LC_(50)=8.915×10^(8)spores/L);Lujinwa B.thuringiensis powder(LC_(50)=0.16×10^(4) IU/L),Laojite B.thuringiensis suspension(LC_(50)=0.185×10^(4) IU/L),Fatu B.thuringiensis suspension(LC_(50)=32.211×10^(4) IU/L),Nongbao Bio B.thuringiensis powder(LC_(50)=1590×10^(4) spores/L).[Conclusions]According to the three stages of tube rubbing,it is found that the control effects of Lujinwa B.thuringiensis powder and Meichongzhi B.bassiana powder are the best,and the results will provide technical support for the biological control of L.serricorne adults.

摘要： Leukovir, an enteric-coated tablet, is the original drug product for internal use. The well-known nucleosides cladribine and ribavirin are the active ingredients of the drug product leukovir. Pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug product for the internal use of leukovir active ingredients have been established. The cladribine half-absorption period was t1/2a = 49.5 h, C0 = 276.4 μg/ml, Cmax = 6.0 μg/ml. Distribution and accumulation parameters (Vd, Vss and AUC) have indicated that the drug distribution between the blood cells and blood plasma takes place in the same way, irrespective of the dosage form. Cladribine half-life period is t1/2e = 0.62 hours. The molecule total clearance and average lifetime in the body in the case of subcutaneous drug administration are approximately the same. Ribavirin is characterized by a half-absorption period of t1/2a = 0.71 h, C0 = 115.6 μg/ml and Cmax = 75.5 μg/ml. Ribavirin total volume of distribution (Vd = 1.3 l/kg) and stationary volume of distribution (Vss = 1.64 l/kg) were practically similar to leukovir when administered subcutaneously. The AUC value = 504.2 μg h/ml, which is 2.5 times less than that in the case of drug form administration. Leukovir was regarded as slightly toxic in an acute toxicity study. The risk of cumulation for this drug product is low.

摘要： Air pollution by particulate matter(PM)is one of the main threats to human health,particularly in large cities where pollution levels are continually exceeded.According to their source of emission,geography,and local meteorology,the pollutant particles vary in size and composition.These particles are conditioned to the aerodynamic diameter and thus classified as coarse(2.5–10μm),fine(0.1–2.5μm),and ultrafine(<0.1μm),where the degree of toxicity becomes greater for smaller particles.These particles can get into the lungs and translocate into vital organs due to their size,causing significant human health consequences.Besides,PM pollutants have been linked to respiratory conditions,genotoxic,mutagenic,and carcinogenic activity in human beings.This paper presents an overview of emission sources,physicochemical characteristics,collection and measurement methodologies,toxicity,and existing control mechanisms for ultrafine particles(UFPs)in the last fifteen years.

摘要： Objective:To enhance the pharmaceutical potential and oral bioavailability of quercetin contents of Allium cepa peel extract by novel nanosuspension technology.Methods:Nanoprecipitation approach was successfully used for the formulation of nanosuspension.To obtain pharmaceutical-grade nanosuspension with minimum particle size and polydispersity index,sodium lauryl sulphate was selected as a stabilizer.Important formulation parameters were statistically optimized by the response surface methodology approach.The optimized nanosuspension was subjected to stability and in vitro dissolution testing and characterized by scanning electron microscopy,atomic force microscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,and zeta sizer.To evaluate the preeminence of nanosuspension over coarse suspension,comparative bioavailability studies were carried out in male albino rats.The pharmaceutical potential of developed nanosuspension was evaluated by antioxidant,antimicrobial,and toxicity studies.Results:The optimized nanosuspension showed an average particle size of 275.5 nm with a polydispersity index and zeta potential value of 0.415 and−48.8 mV,respectively.Atomic force microscopy revealed that the average particle size of nanosuspension was below 100 nm.The formulated nanosuspension showed better stability under refrigerated conditions.Nanosuspension showed an improved dissolution rate and a 2.14-fold greater plasma concentration of quercetin than coarse suspension.Moreover,the formulated nanosuspension exhibited enhanced antioxidant and antimicrobial potential and was non-toxic.Conclusions:Optimization of nanosuspension effectively improves the pharmaceutical potential and oral bioavailability of Allium cepa extract.

摘要： In 2021,there have been many studies on the toxicological evaluation of traditional medicine,as well as natural active ingredients.Among them,the toxicity evaluation of evodiamine,Gardenia Jasminoides J.Ellis,and anthraquinone in the liver,kidneys,heart,and other organs has become a popular topic.Their toxic mechanisms include oxidative stress,inflammatory response,apoptosis,mitochondrial damage,and disorders of lipid and amino acid metabolism.In response to the drawbacks of time-consuming,expensive,and ethical restrictions of animal models,a variety of techniques,such as 3D organoid models,metabolomics,toxicokinetics,bioprinting methods,and network toxicology methods,have been gradually employed in the toxicity evaluation of traditional medicine.This review summarizes the drug toxicity and safety assessment of traditional medicine in 2021.In the future,attention should be paid to preventing traditional medicine toxicity.

摘要： To investigate the efficacy and relationship between the peak concentrations and toxicity profile of fixed-dose-rate gemcitabine in chemotherapy-nave Chinese patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer(NSCLC). Patients and methods：Patients were given gemcitabine by 120-min infusion(at a fixed dose rate of 10 mg/m2 per min)on days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle，immediately followed by carboplatin AUC 5 by 4-h infusion on day 1. Peak plasma levels(Cmax)of gemcitabine were determined by ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Results：By the close-out date，in our study population，the estimated median time to tumor progression(TTP)was 7.0 months(95％ CI 4.0-10.0 months)，median overall survival(OS)was 12.0 months(95％ CI 11.2-12.8 months). The mean value of Cmax of 21 eligible patients was 4.95 ± 2.42 μg/ml(range，8.22~0.86 μg/ml). The main hematological toxicities were transient grade 3~4 thrombocytopenia. The mean percentages of reduction of WBC，NEC，PLTC and Hb of 21 eligible patients were 38.3±38.1％，31.3±73.6％，31.8±53.5％ and 12.0±12.2％，respectively. The analysis of the peak concentrations and hematological toxicity profile of gemcitabine showed a significant correlation(r2 = 0.4575)between gemcitabine Cmax and the percentage of reduction in WBC. A significant correlation(r2 = 0.5671)was also observed between the percentage of reduction of platelet count and gemcitabine Cmax，with the fitted Emax of sigmoid curve corresponded to a 51.7％ reduction in PLTC. Conclusion：The clinical data in this trial supports the further evaluation the regimen in Chinese patients，due to its predictable kinetic behavior and less severe toxicity profile than expected.

摘要： Copper,an essential trace element for animals,is also essential for mitochondrialfunction,it is a prosthetic cofaetor for Cu/Zn-SOD,COX and monoamine oxidase (MAO),whichare common exist in mitochondria. In this study,experiment was performed to examine the effectof dietary copper supplementation on mitoehondrial function of liver in broiler chicken. Onehundred and sixty 1-day-old Cobb 500 broilers (Gallus domesticus,BW =43±0.32 g) werestratified by weight and randomly assigned to four dietary treatments of 40 broilers each,whichcontained 11 (control),110,220 and 330 mg of supplemental Cu/kg DM as CuSO4. All of theexperimental broilers were fed with corn-soybean meal containing supplemental copper for 60days; Liver mitoehondrial function of broiler chicken was recorded on days old of 12,24,36,48and 60. Copper supplementation had no significant influence on mitochondrial function (RCR andP/O) and mitoehondrial complex (Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ) in the treatment group supplemented with 11 mgCu/kg DM (P > 0.05). The supplement providing 110 mg Cu/kg DM increased mitochondrialfunction and the activities of complex Ⅰ-Ⅴ and had significant difference after 36 day-oldcompared with other groups (P0.05). Cu accumulation in liver and mitochondrial H2O2 production were increased (P < 0.05) byall Cu supplemented treatments during the feeding trail with the increase of dietary level of Cu inthe diet of birds,especially in the treatment group supplemented with 220 mg Cu/kg DM and 330mg Cu/kg DM. In conclusion,supplementation of the basal diet with 110 mg Cu/kg DM enhancedmitochondrial function and the activities of mitochondrial complex,but high dietary copper (with220 mg Cu/kg DM and 330 mg Cu/kg DM) appears to undermine the liver mitochondrial functionand complex activities except for complex Ⅳ which had more resistant to high liver copperaccumulation. There were increases in liver copper accumulation and mitochondrial H2O2production with the increase of dietary level of Cu in the diet of birds,the results of these studiesprovide insight into understanding subcellular mechanisms associated with the dietary copperoxicity in birds.

摘要： Copper,an essential trace element for animals,is also essential for mitochondrialfunction,it is a prosthetic cofaetor for Cu/Zn-SOD,COX and monoamine oxidase (MAO),whichare common exist in mitochondria. In this study,experiment was performed to examine the effectof dietary copper supplementation on mitoehondrial function of liver in broiler chicken. Onehundred and sixty 1-day-old Cobb 500 broilers (Gallus domesticus,BW =43±0.32 g) werestratified by weight and randomly assigned to four dietary treatments of 40 broilers each,whichcontained 11 (control),110,220 and 330 mg of supplemental Cu/kg DM as CuSO4. All of theexperimental broilers were fed with corn-soybean meal containing supplemental copper for 60days; Liver mitoehondrial function of broiler chicken was recorded on days old of 12,24,36,48and 60. Copper supplementation had no significant influence on mitochondrial function (RCR andP/O) and mitoehondrial complex (Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ) in the treatment group supplemented with 11 mgCu/kg DM (P > 0.05). The supplement providing 110 mg Cu/kg DM increased mitochondrialfunction and the activities of complex Ⅰ-Ⅴ and had significant difference after 36 day-oldcompared with other groups (P0.05). Cu accumulation in liver and mitochondrial H2O2 production were increased (P < 0.05) byall Cu supplemented treatments during the feeding trail with the increase of dietary level of Cu inthe diet of birds,especially in the treatment group supplemented with 220 mg Cu/kg DM and 330mg Cu/kg DM. In conclusion,supplementation of the basal diet with 110 mg Cu/kg DM enhancedmitochondrial function and the activities of mitochondrial complex,but high dietary copper (with220 mg Cu/kg DM and 330 mg Cu/kg DM) appears to undermine the liver mitochondrial functionand complex activities except for complex Ⅳ which had more resistant to high liver copperaccumulation. There were increases in liver copper accumulation and mitochondrial H2O2production with the increase of dietary level of Cu in the diet of birds,the results of these studiesprovide insight into understanding subcellular mechanisms associated with the dietary copperoxicity in birds.

摘要： Copper,an essential trace element for animals,is also essential for mitochondrialfunction,it is a prosthetic cofaetor for Cu/Zn-SOD,COX and monoamine oxidase (MAO),whichare common exist in mitochondria. In this study,experiment was performed to examine the effectof dietary copper supplementation on mitoehondrial function of liver in broiler chicken. Onehundred and sixty 1-day-old Cobb 500 broilers (Gallus domesticus,BW =43±0.32 g) werestratified by weight and randomly assigned to four dietary treatments of 40 broilers each,whichcontained 11 (control),110,220 and 330 mg of supplemental Cu/kg DM as CuSO4. All of theexperimental broilers were fed with corn-soybean meal containing supplemental copper for 60days; Liver mitoehondrial function of broiler chicken was recorded on days old of 12,24,36,48and 60. Copper supplementation had no significant influence on mitochondrial function (RCR andP/O) and mitoehondrial complex (Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ) in the treatment group supplemented with 11 mgCu/kg DM (P > 0.05). The supplement providing 110 mg Cu/kg DM increased mitochondrialfunction and the activities of complex Ⅰ-Ⅴ and had significant difference after 36 day-oldcompared with other groups (P0.05). Cu accumulation in liver and mitochondrial H2O2 production were increased (P < 0.05) byall Cu supplemented treatments during the feeding trail with the increase of dietary level of Cu inthe diet of birds,especially in the treatment group supplemented with 220 mg Cu/kg DM and 330mg Cu/kg DM. In conclusion,supplementation of the basal diet with 110 mg Cu/kg DM enhancedmitochondrial function and the activities of mitochondrial complex,but high dietary copper (with220 mg Cu/kg DM and 330 mg Cu/kg DM) appears to undermine the liver mitochondrial functionand complex activities except for complex Ⅳ which had more resistant to high liver copperaccumulation. There were increases in liver copper accumulation and mitochondrial H2O2production with the increase of dietary level of Cu in the diet of birds,the results of these studiesprovide insight into understanding subcellular mechanisms associated with the dietary copperoxicity in birds.

摘要： Copper,an essential trace element for animals,is also essential for mitochondrialfunction,it is a prosthetic cofaetor for Cu/Zn-SOD,COX and monoamine oxidase (MAO),whichare common exist in mitochondria. In this study,experiment was performed to examine the effectof dietary copper supplementation on mitoehondrial function of liver in broiler chicken. Onehundred and sixty 1-day-old Cobb 500 broilers (Gallus domesticus,BW =43±0.32 g) werestratified by weight and randomly assigned to four dietary treatments of 40 broilers each,whichcontained 11 (control),110,220 and 330 mg of supplemental Cu/kg DM as CuSO4. All of theexperimental broilers were fed with corn-soybean meal containing supplemental copper for 60days; Liver mitoehondrial function of broiler chicken was recorded on days old of 12,24,36,48and 60. Copper supplementation had no significant influence on mitochondrial function (RCR andP/O) and mitoehondrial complex (Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ) in the treatment group supplemented with 11 mgCu/kg DM (P > 0.05). The supplement providing 110 mg Cu/kg DM increased mitochondrialfunction and the activities of complex Ⅰ-Ⅴ and had significant difference after 36 day-oldcompared with other groups (P0.05). Cu accumulation in liver and mitochondrial H2O2 production were increased (P < 0.05) byall Cu supplemented treatments during the feeding trail with the increase of dietary level of Cu inthe diet of birds,especially in the treatment group supplemented with 220 mg Cu/kg DM and 330mg Cu/kg DM. In conclusion,supplementation of the basal diet with 110 mg Cu/kg DM enhancedmitochondrial function and the activities of mitochondrial complex,but high dietary copper (with220 mg Cu/kg DM and 330 mg Cu/kg DM) appears to undermine the liver mitochondrial functionand complex activities except for complex Ⅳ which had more resistant to high liver copperaccumulation. There were increases in liver copper accumulation and mitochondrial H2O2production with the increase of dietary level of Cu in the diet of birds,the results of these studiesprovide insight into understanding subcellular mechanisms associated with the dietary copperoxicity in birds.

摘要： Copper,an essential trace element for animals,is also essential for mitochondrialfunction,it is a prosthetic cofaetor for Cu/Zn-SOD,COX and monoamine oxidase (MAO),whichare common exist in mitochondria. In this study,experiment was performed to examine the effectof dietary copper supplementation on mitoehondrial function of liver in broiler chicken. Onehundred and sixty 1-day-old Cobb 500 broilers (Gallus domesticus,BW =43±0.32 g) werestratified by weight and randomly assigned to four dietary treatments of 40 broilers each,whichcontained 11 (control),110,220 and 330 mg of supplemental Cu/kg DM as CuSO4. All of theexperimental broilers were fed with corn-soybean meal containing supplemental copper for 60days; Liver mitoehondrial function of broiler chicken was recorded on days old of 12,24,36,48and 60. Copper supplementation had no significant influence on mitochondrial function (RCR andP/O) and mitoehondrial complex (Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ) in the treatment group supplemented with 11 mgCu/kg DM (P > 0.05). The supplement providing 110 mg Cu/kg DM increased mitochondrialfunction and the activities of complex Ⅰ-Ⅴ and had significant difference after 36 day-oldcompared with other groups (P0.05). Cu accumulation in liver and mitochondrial H2O2 production were increased (P < 0.05) byall Cu supplemented treatments during the feeding trail with the increase of dietary level of Cu inthe diet of birds,especially in the treatment group supplemented with 220 mg Cu/kg DM and 330mg Cu/kg DM. In conclusion,supplementation of the basal diet with 110 mg Cu/kg DM enhancedmitochondrial function and the activities of mitochondrial complex,but high dietary copper (with220 mg Cu/kg DM and 330 mg Cu/kg DM) appears to undermine the liver mitochondrial functionand complex activities except for complex Ⅳ which had more resistant to high liver copperaccumulation. There were increases in liver copper accumulation and mitochondrial H2O2production with the increase of dietary level of Cu in the diet of birds,the results of these studiesprovide insight into understanding subcellular mechanisms associated with the dietary copperoxicity in birds.