Kidney

摘要： BACKGROUND Bisphenol A(BPA)is present in many plastic products and food packaging.On the other hand,fertaric acid(FA)is a hydroxycinnamic acid.AIM To investigate the effect of FA on BPA-related liver,kidney,and testis toxicity,DNA breakdown,and histopathology in male rats.METHODS Thirty male albino rats were divided into five equal groups(6 rats/group):Control,paraffin oil,FA-,BPA-,and FA+BPA-treated groups.The control and paraffin oil groups were administered orally with 1 mL distilled water and 1 mL paraffin oil,respectively.The FA-,BPA-,and FA+BPA-treated groups were administered orally with FA(45 mg/kg,bw)dissolved in 1 mL distilled water,BPA(4 mg/kg,bw)dissolved in 1 mL paraffin oil,and FA(45 mg/kg,bw)followed by BPA(4 mg/kg,bw),respectively.All these treatments were given once a day for 6 wk.RESULTS BPA induced a significant decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase,acid phosphatase,sodium,potassium and chloride,testosterone,dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate,glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,and testis protein levels but a highly significant increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,γ-glutamyl transpeptidase,lactate dehydrogenase,bilirubin,urea,creatinine,uric acid,luteinizing hormone,follicle stimulating hormone,sex hormone binding globulin,blood urea nitrogen,and testis cholesterol levels.Also,FA inhibited the degradation of liver,kidney,and testis DNA content.Oral administration of FA to BPA-treated rats restored all the above parameters to normal levels.CONCLUSION FA ameliorates BPA-induced liver,kidney,and testis toxicity,DNA breakdown,and histopathological changes.

摘要： Controlling the immune response with only clinically approved immunosuppressant drugs is difficult in renal heterotra ns plantation from pigs to nonhuman primates.Moreover,to the best of our knowledge,no reports exist on the use of fetal pigs as kidney donors.This study aimed to compare the degree of transplant rejection between neonatal and fetal kidneys,with genetically unmodified pigs as donors and cynomolgus monkeys as recipients.The left kidneys of the recipient monkeys were removed,followed by transplantation of neonatal as well as fetal pig kidneys,which had undergone vascular anastomosis at the same site,into the retroperitoneum.Immunosuppression was performed with only US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs.The fetal kidneys were transplanted into the omentum and paraaortic regions of cynomolgus monkeys.Consequently,the engraftment and development of the transplanted tissues were pathologically examined by sampling over time(twice in each experiment).An acute rejection was observed after a few weeks in neonatal renal grafts with vascular anastomosis.However,fetal pig kidneys were spared from rejection despite the administration of the same immunosuppressive protocol to the monkeys and the recipient blood vessels flowing into the fetal kidneys.The immunogenicity of fetal kidneys in pig-monkey renal heterotransplantation was lower than that of neonatal kidneys.

摘要： BACKGROUND There is limited information on ipsilateral synchronous papillary renal cell carcinoma(PRCC)and clear cell renal cell carcinoma(CCRCC).Therefore,these rare tumors are often misdiagnosed preoperatively as a single tumor with intrarenal metastasis or some other diseases.Effective management and long-term overall survival might be affected because the prognosis of the two tumors differs.CASE SUMMARY We describe a case of ipsilateral synchronous PRCC and CCRCC with two histological variants in a 72-year-old man,whose mass was found incidentally,with no other chief complaints and vital signs were normal.Initial ultrasound revealed a hypoechoic lobular mass with a volume of 7.8 cm×4.8 cm×2.8 cm in the middle to lower pole of the left kidney.A subsequent contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan showed a single endophytic mass of 7.5 cm in diameter.The patient underwent laparoscopic left radical nephrectomy.A final diagnosis of ipsilateral synchronous PRCC and CCRCC was confirmed by pathological examination.There was no recurrence or metastasis after 25 mo follow-up.CONCLUSION We report a case of ipsilateral synchronous PRCC and CCRCC,and review related literature to estimate the prevalence of similar cases.The above descriptions may be expected to help understand the disease,and improve diagnosis in the future.

摘要： BACKGROUND Small cell carcinoma(SCC)is a malignant tumour that is frequently accompanied by extensive metastasis.Primary renal SCC has typical characteristics related to SCC and is extremely rare,with no uniform treatment standard.Clinical treatment is mainly based on the literature.Here we report the diagnosis and treatment of an interesting case of primary renal SCC.CASE SUMMARY We report a tortuous course of treatment for a 68-year-old man.Four years before diagnosis,the patient developed continuous gross haematuria,during which he underwent several ureteral biopsies,ureteral stricture relief,and urine exfoliated cell examinations;however,SCC was not confirmed.One month before radical resection of the renal pelvic carcinoma,the severe haematuria recurred.Computed tomography revealed transitional cell carcinoma in the right kidney and right upper ureter.A preoperative examination exluded the possibility of a pulmonary origin of the tumour,and primary renal SCC was diagnosed.The postoperative pathology findings were suggestive of SCC.The patient was treated with combined chemotherapy but died of tumour progression at 7 mo postoperative.CONCLUSION Our patient's disease onset in the context of a succession of regular testing and the fact that it occurred so quickly with perirenal encroachment immediately after diagnosis reveals the cruel and unforgiving side of the disease.Furthermore,patients with poor comprehensive treatment results require new treatment regimens.

摘要： Hyperkalemia,usually associated with predisposing chronic diseases as heart failure(HF),severe kidney disease or diabetes mellitus(DM),[1]is defined as an elevation of potassium concentration more than 5.5 mmol/L,[2].

摘要： Purpose: To determine if cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) would willingly consume an oral nutritional supplement formula (NS-CKD) and to assess associated effects on select clinical and biochemical parameters. Methods: Client-owned cats with CKD classified as International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage 2 (n = 7), IRIS stage 3 (n = 12), or IRIS stage 4 (1 cat) were classified by the owners as having normal or variable appetites. The cats were offered 30 ml NS-CKD for 14 days concurrently with a meal in a separate bowl and the amount of the NS-CKD consumed daily was recorded. Bodyweight, physical examination, and serum biochemical profiles were assessed on Days 0, 7, and 14. Results: Greater than 50% of the NS-CKD was consumed by 14 of 20 (70%) cats and 12 of 20 cats (60%) consumed >80% of the NS-CKD. The total volume of NS-CKD consumed over the course of the study was statistically greater for the cats classified by owners as having normal appetite (P = 0.046). Increases in body weight were noted for 9 of 14 cats (64.3%) that ingested >50% of the NS-CKD and 1 of 6 cats (16.7%), that ingested ≤ 50% (p = 0.1409) and the group mean % change in body weight was greater in the cats that ingested >50% of the NS-CKD (P = 0.023). The volume of NS-CKD consumed correlated to the % change increases in serum bicarbonate concentration (R = 0.4998;P = 0.02) and was weakly correlated to % change decreases in serum phosphorus concentration (R = 0.0406;P = 0.08). Conclusions: In this pilot study, the NS-CKD was accepted by most cats, no adverse effects were noted, and several findings suggest that the product was associated with ameliorating some metabolic complications which suggest it could be considered in the management of cats with CKD.

摘要： Historically,kidney cancer was approached in a siloed single-speciality way,with urological surgeons managing the localised stages of the disease and medical oncologists caring for patients if metastases developed.However,improvements in the management of localised kidney cancer have occurred rapidly over the past two decades with greater understanding of the disease biology,diagnostic options,and innovations in curative treatments.These developments are favourable for patients but provide a substantially more complex landscape for patients and clinicians to navigate,with associated challenging decisions about who to treat,how,and when.As such,the skill sets needed to manage the various aspects of the disease and guide patients appropriately outstrips the capabilities of one particular specialist,and the evolution of a multispeciality approach to the management of kidney cancer is now essential.In this Review,we summarise the current best multispeciality practice for the management of localised kidney cancer and the areas in need of further research and development.

摘要： Renal biopsy is an invasive procedure used to evaluate the activity and the therapeutic management of kidney disease and kidney transplantation. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological features of kidney disease diagnosed by biopsy in the Ivory Coast. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive and prospective study conducted between January 2015 and December 2018 in the Department of Anatomy and Cytology of the Pathology of Cocody (Abidjan) and Bouake. Specimens were obtained from the nephrology department of Ivory Coast and from teaching hospitals in Togo, Guinea, Burkina Faso, and Mali. Samples were analyzed according to standard renal biopsy procedures. One kidney fragment was fixed in acetic acid formalin (AAF) for optical microscopy examination. The other fragment, soaked in physiological water, was immediately sent for immunofluorescence examination. All renal pathologies were included in this study. The study parameters were frequency, age, sex, origin, occupation, clinical and biological signs, and pathological aspects with optical microscopy, and immunofluorescence. Results: 153 cases (2.23%) of kidney biopsies were examined on a total of 10,573 specimens. Ivory Coast specimens accounted for 91.5% of cases (n = 140). Nephrotic syndrome (49%) was the most common clinical sign and indication for renal biopsy, followed by acute renal failure (16.3%), chronic renal failure (19.6%), and a combination of chronic renal failure with hypertension (11.18%) and glomerulonephritis (4%). Mean proteinuria was 3.03 g/24h (range, 0.14 to 11.5 g/24h). Histologically, 90.8% (n = 139) were glomerular nephropathies, including 26.6% HIV-associated nephropathy, 17.3% focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, 13.6% nephroangiosclerosis, 11.5% post-infectious glomerulonephritis, 9.3% membranous glomerulonephritis, and 21.6% miscellaneous glomerular nephropathies (n = 30). The incidence of various tubulo-interstitial lesions was 9.2% (n = 14). Conclusion: Glomerular nephropathies represent the most important renal diseases. Young people are most commonly affected with a high prevalence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and HIV-associated nephropathy.

摘要： “Daoyin Benjing”(Art of Nourishing Life)discusses the kidney meridian in depth.It is a dense and heterogeneous text that is heavily influenced by Daoism.The text proposes rules for the maintenance of life using language that is often cryptic and under-standable only to the initiated.This language is closely interwoven with the classical terms of traditional Chinese medicine.The kidney is the home of vital energy,which is a type of sexual energy and the root of life.Engagement in moderate sexual activity nourishes life and leads to a long life.This is the goal of every Daoist follower and the goal of every doctor.

摘要： BACKGROUND Thyroid follicular renal cell carcinoma is a special type of renal cell carcinoma newly recognized in recent years.It has attracted attention because of its unique histology,immunophenotype,and clinical characteristics.It has a very low incidence,and the number of case reports available for review is limited.Moreover,a thyroid mass with type of tumour is rare.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of a renal mass with a bilateral thyroid mass that was accidentally discovered in a 60-year-old man during physical examination.B-mode ultrasound showed a hypoechoic mass in the middle and lower parenchyma of the right kidney,and computed tomography showed an iso-density shadow tumour in the right kidney.Contrast agents had a significant continuous enhancement effect on the tumour,and the enhancement was not uniform.After partial nephrectomy,pathological analysis was performed to rule out the possibility that the renal tumour was caused by thyroid tumour metastasis.Needle biopsy of the thyroid tumour confirmed that the renal cell carcinoma was not related to the thyroid tumour.The patient was alive at the last postoperative follow-up.CONCLUSION This is the third published case in which thyroid tumour biopsy was performed to confirm that thyroid follicular renal cell carcinoma is not thyroid related.