Clinical and immune-mediated syndrome (CAIMS) in clinical practice: features and strategies in immune and molecular diagnostics

摘要

As a rule, postinfectious secondary (syndrome-like) immunopathology that is associated with the primary disease (i.e., clinical and immune-mediated syndrome/ CAIMS) is provoked by either different infectious agents or the course of infectious (usually chronic) process and its complications, from the one hand, and by antimicrobial drugs that are used in different treatment approaches inadequately, from the other hand. Those CAIMSs are as follows: (i) PIFSI (postinfectious secondary immunodeficiency) caused by the secondary deficiency of immune system's components or its factors that is accompanied by the suppression on immune-mediated surveillance and/or immune response. It is characterized by chronic infectious inflammatory diseases that are resistant to standard therapy; (ii) PIFA (postinfectios autoimmunity) caused by the breakdown of immunological tolerance from the mimicking antigens (Ags) of an infectious agent. It is characterized by the immune response against mimicking and/or self-Ags with subsequent development of self-limiting chronic autoimmune inflammation (self-limitation results from the forced elimination on infectious pathogen from the host); (iii) PIFASID (postinfectious autoimmunity and secondary immunodeficiency) is the mixed-type syndrome to include autoimmune manifestations and secondary immunodeficiency signs. It is characterized by the marked immune imbalances that complicates the course of the infectious disease and promotes the chronization.