Synthesis of a new class of 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,3-butadiene bridged diphosphine, NUPHOS, via zirconium-mediated reductive coupling of alkynes and diynes: Applications in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions [Review]

摘要

Zirconium-mediated inter- and intramolecular reductive cyclization of alkynes and diynes has been used to prepare a new class of bidentate phosphine, based on a four-carbon sp(2)-hybridized tether. Intermolecular coupling of diphenylacetylene and but-2-yne with Negishi's reagent followed by transmetalation with copper chloride prior to quenching with chlorodiphenylphosphine affords the corresponding acyclic diphosphines 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene (2a; 1,2,3,4-Ph-4-NUPHOS) and 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,2,3,4-tetramethyl-1,3-butadiene (2b; 1,2,3,4-Me-4-NUPHOS), respectively. A single-crystal X-ray analysis of the former has been obtained. Surprisingly, I-phenylpropyne undergoes a highly regioselective reductive cyclization to afford 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,3-diphenyl-2,4-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene (2c; 1,3-Ph-2-2,4Me(2)-NUPHOS). Similarly, transmetalation of the zirconacyclopentadiene generated from 3,9-dodecadiyne and 1,8-diphenyloctadiyne followed by electrophilic liberation of the resulting copper diene reagent with chlorodiphenylphosphine gave 1,2-bis(1-(diphenylphosphino)prop-1-ylidene)cyclohexane (2d; 1,4-Et-2-2,3-cyclo-C6H8-NUPHOS) and 1,2-bis(1-(diphenylphosphino)benzylidene)cyclohexane (2e; 1,4-Ph-2-2,3-cyclo-C6H8-NUPHOS), respectively. This methodology provides a convenient and versatile one-pot synthesis of a wide range of 1,3-diene bridged diphosphines. Single-crystal X-ray analyses of [(1,2,3,4-Ph-4-NUPHOS)PdCl2], [(1,3-Ph-2-2,4-Me-2-NUPHOS)PdCl2], and [(1,4-Ph-2-2,3-cyclo-C6H8-NUPHOS)PtCl2] reveal that these new phosphines coordinate to palladium and platinum in much the same manner as BINAP and dpbp, with a significant torsional twist about the C(2)-C(3) bond of the backbone. The copper diphosphine intermediate [Cu(1,4-Et-2-2,3-cyclo-C6H8-NUPHOS)Cl](2) (1d) has also been isolated and characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis and exists as the chloro-bridged dimer in which the 1,2-bis(1-(diphenylphosphino)prop-1-ylidene)cyclohexane coordinates in a bidentate manner. Palladium complexes of these new diphosphines are highly active for the cross-coupling of bromobenzene and sec-butylmagnesium bromide. Catalyst mixtures based on 1,2,3,4-Ph4-NUPHOS are far superior to those based on BINAP, with activities of 6900 and 260 (mol of product) (mol of palladium)(-1) h(-1), respectively. In fact, catalysts based on 1,2,3,4-Ph-4-NUPHOS are similar to30 times more active than the most active catalyst reported to date for this coupling. In comparison, the selectivity of the corresponding cross-coupling with 2-bromopropene depends markedly on the nature of the NUPHOS derivative. In general, those based on NUPHOS derivatives with acyclic tethers, namely 2a-c, are highly selective for the formation of 2,3-dimethylpentene, while those formed from 2d,e gave a mixture of 2,3-dimethylpentene, 2-methylhexene, and 2,3-dimethylbutadiene. The initial TOF, measured after 20 min, also shows a marked variation on the nature of the phosphine and while all NUPHOS-based catalysts outperform those based on BINAP, catalyst mixtures based on dppf showed both high selectivity (>99%) and impressive activity. Mixtures of Pd-2(dba)(3) and the NUPHOS derivatives 2a-e also catalyze the Suzuki cross-coupling of bromobenzene and 4-bromoacetophenone with phenyl boronic acid, with conversions up to 100% at catalyst loadings as low as 0.0001 mol % Pd (TON = 1 x 10(6)). [References: 101]