In crude oil service—as with refined products and petrochemicals—shippers, traders or consignees own the rail cars. That's different from the bulk of the North American rail fleet, which is primarily owned by the railroads themselves or by major pools of shippers. Not surprisingly, the early adopters of crude by rail (CBR) were oil producers, midstream operators or refiners with an existing rail operation or at least some senior executives with rail experience. For the majority of producers and refiners, however, CBR has imposed a learning curve like the side of a building.
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