The influence of titanium surface characteristics on macrophage phenotype polarization during osseous healing in type I diabetic rats: a pilot study

摘要

Abstract Objectives This study assessed the effect of titanium surface modification on macrophage phenotype polarization and osseous healing under diabetic conditions. Materials and methods Critical‐sized calvarial defects were created in healthy and streptozotocin‐induced type I diabetic Sprague‐Dawley rats. Titanium (Ti) discs with either large‐grit sandblasted and acid‐etched micro‐rough ( SLA ) or hydrophilic‐modified SLA (mod SLA ) surfaces were used to cover the healing defect for a period of up to 28?days. Samples of the exudate within the calvarial defect and beneath the titanium discs were collected 1, 4 and 7?days post‐surgery for inflammatory cytokine analysis using an ELISA . The macrophage phenotype(s) on the Ti disc surfaces were determined by CD 11c+ (M1) and CD 163+ (M2) immunofluorescent staining. Samples of the healing defects at days 14 and 28 were also prepared for histomorphometric analysis. Results Cytokine levels in the diabetic animals were higher than those of the healthy group throughout the observation period. The mod SLA surface significantly reduced MIP ‐2 levels at day 1 in both diabetic and healthy animals, and MCP ‐1 levels at day 4 in the diabetic animals. Immuno‐fluorescent staining showed that an M2‐like macrophage phenotype was more frequently found on the mod SLA surface at day 1 in healthy and day 4 in both healthy and diabetic animals. Histomorphometric analysis showed more new bone formation on the mod SLA surface at days 14 and 28 in both groups, although statistically significant differences were only found in the healthy group. Conclusion Diabetic conditions greatly increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines during osseous healing. The mod SLA surface was shown to promote an M2‐like macrophage phenotypic response in titanium adherent macrophages despite the significantly elevated inflammatory environment induced by uncontrolled type I diabetes. Modulation of the macrophage phenotype by the mod SLA surface in the early healing period was associated with osseous healing under both healthy and uncontrolled diabetic conditions.