Clinical & Investigative Medicine (CIM) is receiving an increasing number of reports of candidate-based association studies. The track record of such studies in the past has been poor: numerous genetic associations reported from candidate gene studies have not been replicated in later studies.1 The rise of the genome-wide association study (GWAS) is changing this situation. A well-designed GWAS may identify a number of candidate loci without bias by screening the whole human genome. Validating and fine-mapping the candidate loci from GWAS are required to clarify the genetic mechanisms.
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