Examining commuting patterns and spatial mismatch by occupation and gender: Disaggregate journey-to-work model.

摘要

This dissertation examines the disaggregate properties of journey-to-work by occupation and gender. The primary data used in this study consist of Part 1, Part 2, and Part 3 from Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP). The text and data analyses are supported by a disaggregate Spatial Interaction (SI) model approach. An intraurban journey-to-work model will be the result of disaggregate SI model approach extended to the dimension of gender and occupation.;Intraurban variations in commuting patterns are explained by the spatial separation between jobs and residences and by the characteristics of commuters. Since recent interest in the Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis (SMH) concerns whether massive suburbanization happens to disadvantage to some spatial part and some population group, applications of the model are extended to address this spatial mismatch issue in relation to gender and occupation. By incorporating workers' characteristics and locational attributes into the model, the extended intraurban journey-to-work model reveals the detailed spatial structure of commuting through relating specific types of jobs and workers. This disaggregate journey-to-work model allows us to examine gender differences in commuting patterns and spatial mismatch of jobs and housing with great details at smaller zonal units than in previous studies of county or metropolitan level. This research expands the literature on commuting by extending a set of spatial modeling techniques for trip distribution estimation to a disaggregated population setting. Moreover, this research also enhances our understanding of spatial mismatch between genders by broadening the applicability of the models. The goal of this study is to understand commuting patterns by describing different spatial patterns drawn by different population groups, and to extend the application of the proposed model on spatial mismatch issue. This dissertation has the following three main objectives: (1) to disaggregate journey-to-work flow by gender and occupation of workers in order to estimate the number of commute trips between each zones; (2) to introduce a refined measure of job accessibility at each census tract and to examine variations in job accessibility among commuters; and (3) to compare the degree of spatial mismatch by gender using commuting indicators such as average distance and job accessibility.;Keywords: Spatial Interaction model, disaggregate journey-to-work, occupation, gender, spatial mismatch.