Immune response

摘要： Ferroptosis,a new non-necrotizing programmed cell death(PCD),is driven by iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation.Ferroptosis plays a key role in secondary traumatic brain injury and secondary spinal cord injury and is closely related to inflammation,immunity,and chronic injuries.The inhibitors against ferroptosis effectively improve iron homeostasis,lipid metabolism,redox stabilization,neuronal remodeling,and functional recovery after trauma.In this review,we elaborate on the latest molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis,emphasize its role in secondary central nervous trauma,and update the medicines used to suppress ferroptosis following injuries.

摘要： Food allergy has become a significant public health problem affecting a large number of people worldwide.Maternal obesity causes inflammation and alters the immune system of offspring,which may exacerbate their food allergy.The aim of this study was to determine whether offspring mice born to obese mothers would have more serve reactions to cow's milk protein-induced food allergy,and further investigate the underlying mechanisms.Female offspring BALB/c mice of mothers with normal and high-fat diets were sensitized withβ-lactoglobulin(BLG),respectively.Maternal obesity increased the serum immunoglobulin E and mouse mast cell protease levels,though did not have significant influence on anaphylactic symptom score,core temperature and diarrhea rate of offspring mice after BLG sensitization.Furthermore,maternal obesity led to a lower level of occludin mRNA expression in BLG-sensitized mice.The mice born to obese mothers exhibited increased mRNA expression levels of GATA-3,interleukin(IL)-4 and IL-10 in jejunum after BLG sensitization,indicating maternal obesity intensified Th2-type biased immune responses.In conclusion,maternal obesity exerted exacerbating effects on the responsiveness of their offspring to cow's milk protein sensitization.

摘要： Coronaviruses are++strand enveloped RNA viruses with an unusually large genome.Viruses connect to cell surface with spike protein.The spike protein is has important role to recognizable part of the virus.Virus structure primary make CMI then humoral immunity.When the immune system makes Antibodies against to glycoprotein S(spike),they can disable the entire virus.Some of viral infections are endoparasits in human body cells and it might be make chronic damages.Most common symptoms diseases are:fever,cough,tiredness,loss of taste or smell.The golden standard Diagnostic Panel tests are Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase(RT)-PCR tests in all countries.The combination therapy include convalescent plasma(CCP),NSAIDs,paracetamol,codeine,corticosteroids,Herbal,antivirals,vitamins,systemic interferons,monoclonal antibodies against components of the immune system such as interleukins storm,other immune modulators,and monoclonal antibodies against components of corona disease.

摘要： While SlPti5 has been shown to play a crucial role in the regulation of antagonistic genes in Solanum lycopersicum and Arabidopsis against pathogen infection,there have been no comprehensive studies on the effects of SlPti5 on the regulatory response mechanism of reactive oxygen species(ROS) system and hormone pathways during growth and disease resistance of tomato plants.Here,we investigated the function of SlPti5 in the defense response of tomato against Botrytis cinerea utilizing a virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)-based system.Expression profile analysis showed that SlPti5 was significantly induced upon B.cinerea infection,with high expression levels in the leaves and fruit of tomato.VIGS-based silencing of SlPti5 inhibited early vegetative growth,increased the plant’s susceptibility to infection,promoted the development of ROS,affected the expression of genes involved in the ROS scavenging system,and attenuated the expression of genes associated with pathogenesis and the ethylene/jasmonic acid signaling pathways.In sum,our data demonstrated that SlPti5 stimulates the immune response of tomato plant to Botrytis cinerea infection by involving the ethylene(ET)-and jasmonic acid(JA)-mediated pathways and modulating the expression of some key pathogenesis-related(PR) genes.

摘要： Chemokines are cytokines that can promote the activation and migration of immune cells,and increase the recognition of antigen by antigen-presenting cells(APC).Previous studies showed that a DNA vaccine can induce humoral and cellular immune responses of flounder after immunization.To explore the improvement of chemokines on the efficiency of OmpK vaccine,two bicistronic DNA candidate vaccines were constructed and the immune responses they induced in the flounder were investigated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),indirect immunofl uorescent assay(IFA),H&E staining,fl ow cytometry(FCM),and quantifi cational real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR).pBudCE4.1 plasmid as an expression vector,bicistronic DNA vaccines encoding OmpK gene and CC-motif ligand 4 gene(p-OmpK-CCL4),or Ompk gene and CC-motif ligand 19 gene(p-OmpK-CCL19)were successfully constructed.The results showed that two bicistronic DNA vaccines expressed Ompk protein of Vibrio anguillarum and CCL4/CCL19 proteins of fl ounder both in vitro and in vivo.After immunization,a large number of leucocytes in muscle were recruited at the injection site in treatment groups.The constructed vaccines induced signifi cant increases in CD4-1^(+) and CD4-2^(+) T lymphocytes,and sIgM^(+) B lymphocytes in peripheral blood,spleen,and head kidney.The percentage of T lymphocytes peaked on the 14^(th) post-vaccination day whereas that of B lymphocytes peaked in the 6^(th) post-vaccination week.Moreover,the expression profi les of 10 immune-related genes increased in muscles around the injection site,spleen,and head kidney.After the challenge,p-OmpK-CCL4 and p-OmpK-CCL19 conferred a relative percentage survival(RPS)of 74.1%and 63.3%,respectively,higher than p-OmpK alone(40.8%).In conclusion,both CCL4 and CCL19 can improve the protection of p-OmpK via evoking local immune response and then humoral and cellular immunity.CCL4 and CCL19 will be potential molecular adjuvants for use in DNA vaccines.

摘要： Macrobrachium nipponense is an economically important freshwater prawn that is often threatened by many aquatic pathogens.In this study,comparative transcriptomic analysis was fi rstly used to explore the transcriptional response of M.nipponense to Aeromonas veronii or Staphylococcus aureus stimulation.A total of 400.19 million clean reads were obtained and assembled into 56944 unigenes with an average length of 1253 bp.A total of 1857 diff erentially expressed genes were found after A.veronii infection,including 677 genes that were up-regulated and 1180 genes that were down-regulated,while 1061 signifi cant diff erentially expressed genes were identifi ed after S.aureus infection,including 390 up-regulated and 671 down-regulated genes.Many immune-related genes including Spaetzle,prophenoloxidase activating factor,C-type lectin,anti-lipopolysaccharide factor,and inhibitor of apoptosis 2 protein were commonly up-regulated after A.veronii or S.aureus infection.This study will enrich our understanding of the immune response to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria infection in crustaceans.

摘要： As an important pattern recognition receptor(PRR)in the innate immune system,C-type lectin plays an important role in the innate immune process of invertebrates.Two C-type lectins Sp CTL-C and Sp CTL-D were characterized from mud crab(Scylla paramamosain).The predicted Sp CTL-C and Sp CTL-D proteins both contain a single carbohydrate-recognition domain(CRD)with key motif Gln-Pro-Ala(QPA)and Met-Pro-Ala(MPA),respectively.Sp CTL-C and Sp CTL-D transcripts distributed in all examined tissues,and the expression level was the highest in hepatopancreas.As PRR,the purifi ed recombinant proteins r Sp CTL-C and r Sp CTL-D have high affi nity for three kinds of pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs):β-glucan,lipopolysaccharide,and peptidoglycan.Besides,r Sp CTL-D can bind to all nine microorganisms tested,while r Sp CTL-C can bind to seven microorganisms except for Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus.Both r Sp CTL-C and r Sp CTL-D showed agglutination activity towards fungi Pichia pastoris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.However,r Sp CTL-C and r Sp CTL-D exhibited diff erent antimicrobial activities:r Sp CTL-D has a certain inhibitory eff ect on the growth of Vibrio fl uvialis and M.luteus,while r Sp CTL-C has no obvious inhibitory activity.The results show that r Sp CTL-C and r Sp CTL-D had better phagocytosis-promoting eff ect on M.luteus than the negative control.Meanwhile,both r Sp CTL-C and r Sp CTL-D had certain encapsulation-promoting activity.Collectively,two C-type lectins with novel key motifs make an important impact as PRR in immune response towards pathogens.At the same time,they play diff erent functions in the innate immunity of mud crab S.paramamosain.

摘要： The immune response after implantation of a biomaterial may shorten the functional life of the implant,depending on the degree of the response.In this study,we used a polyacrylamide-alginate(PAAm-Alg)hydrogel,which has been previously characterized as a biocompatible material and shown to enhance regeneration of cartilage in vivo,along with a graphiteenhanced hydrogel(PAAm-Alg-G)as a non-biocompatible counterpart,to evaluate macrophage attachment and polarization to pro-or anti-inflammatory phenotypes.The performance of each biomaterial in the presence of fibroblasts and chondrocytes was validated by an in vitro model which demonstrated modulation of the foreign-body response.A blend of 5%gelatin methacryloyl and 0.1%methacrylated hyaluronic acid was optimized to mimic the extracellular matrix(ECM)and support cell viability,proliferation,migration,and functionality at an initial concentration of 3.25×10^(5) cells/mL.The PAAm-Alg-G hydrogel localized in the simulated ECM showed cytotoxic and genotoxic effects for both fibroblasts and chondrocytes,while exhibiting a proliferative effect on macrophages with elevated immune response.The M1/M2 ratio was 0.73 for PAAm-Alg hydrogel but 2.64 for PAAm-Alg-G,leading to significant M1 dominance(p0.05).The interleukin-6(IL-6)concentration secreted in the presence of PAAm-Alg hydrogel(4.58 pg/mL)significantly decreased(p<0.0001)on day 13,while the increase(p<0.0001)in interleukin-10(IL-10)concentration(120.73 pg/mL)confirmed the switch from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory response.Predicting immune responses by developing a simplistic yet powerful three-dimensional in vitro model provides advantages in preparing for clinical use of biomaterials.

摘要： Elderly individuals, especially those with pre-existing conditions like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have a high risk for developing severe cases of COVID-19. The aim of this work was to characterize the alterations of blood immune cells (BIC) in patients with symptomatic COVID-19 and confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, ≥60 years and who needed hospitalization in the Centro de Salud Hospital of Tucuman, Argentina, during the second peak of the pandemic in Argentina. Ten patients were enrolled from December 2020 to May 2021. Blood samples were taken at the time of admission (day 0) and five days after (day 5) for routine laboratory tests and the characterization of BIC by flow cytometry. Most of the patients were men (70%) aged between 60 and 78 years. The 70% of patients had T2DM while 50% had arterial hypertension. At day 0, all the patients had increased neutrophils and inflammatory markers (C reactive protein and D-dimers) and reduced numbers of lymphocytes, HLA-DRhi monocytes, CD16+CD56+ NK cells, CD3+HLA?DR+CD25+ cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in blood. Patients received a standard treatment for COVID-19 care (O2, corticosteroids and antibiotics). The hospital treatment normalized the levels of BIC (day 5) in 30% of patients who were those with no comorbidities. In patients with T2DM, BIC recovery was variable. In T2DM patients who required administration of plasma (30%), prolonged O2 therapy (40%) or referral to the intensive care unit (10%) significant reductions of CD16+CD56+, CD3+HLA?DR+CD25+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells were observed between days 0 and 5. In line with previous studies, our results show that absolute counts of major lymphocyte subsets in blood are significantly and substantially decreased during the course of severe COVID-19 disease in elderly patients. These BIC alterations may persist despite clinical care in elderly patients with T2DM. Further studies are needed to investigate the utility of early lymphocyte subset measurements as prognostic biomarkers of disease severity, mortality, and response to treatment in COVID-19 elderly patients with T2DM.

摘要： Children are less susceptible to COVID-19 than adults:they often have asymptomatic and very rarely severe forms.This protection is valid for all variants of the virus.The aim here is to compare the immune response of children with that of adults,asymptomatic adults or those with mild disease with those who develop severe Covid.Several protective factors for children have been mentioned but some of them do not seem to be involved.Indeed,there is no clear difference in the quantity of virus receptors(angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2),transmembrane serine protease 2(TMPRSS2))present according to age that could explain a lesser entry of the virus into the cells of the nose,oropharynx and lungs of children.In fact,children and adults generally have similar viral loads and respiratory tract excretions.Most adults,like children,have antibodies(and T cells)that cross-react with human coronavirus(HCoVs)and respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),but this humoral reactivity does not correlate with disease severity in adults;the difference appears to be more qualitative(IgM and anti-S in children and IgG and IgA and anti-N in adults)than quantitative,and mildly affected adults have some of the characteristics of the cross-reactivities of children.At the cellular level,the difference between children and adults lies more in the naivety of the T cells involved.The amount of salivary and mucosal IgA is negatively correlated with age and positively correlated with the absence of Covid infection:these IgAs are different and more effective than serum IgA.Severe COVID-19 is characterized by hyperinflammation following invasion of the lower respiratory tract when the virus has not been cleared from the upper respiratory tract by innate immunity.Age is associated with an alteration of the immune system,often with a chronic hyperinflammatory state:deficient innate immunity combined with age-related dysregulation of adaptive immunity could cause severe COVID-19.The innate cellular response in the upper and lower airways is more effective in asymptomatic children and adults:the interferon response is earlier and involves immune rather than epithelial cells,the latter being associated with hyperinflammation.This early response is critical given the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to suppress interferon 1(IFN-1)responses.Regulatory Treg cells(which prevent the inflammatory response from spiraling out of control)are prevalent in the respiratory tissues of children.The response of myeloid cells(neutrophils and macrophages/monocytes),which are also responsible for hyperinflammation,is also qualitatively different in mildly affected children and adults compared to severe Covid:there is enrichment of classical monocytes and dysfunctional neutrophils in severe cases.It would be useful to explore why the response of children to SARS-CoV-2 is the opposite of that to influenza virus(which causes classical monocyte influx and overproduction of inflammatory cytokines).Oral dysbiosis is associated with severe COVID-19 and the diversity of the oropharyngeal microbiota is inversely correlated with age.Mycoplasma co-infections amplify viral replication and are associated with severe Covid;children may have more protective anti-mycoplasma IgG because they are more frequently exposed to community infections.The role of hyperinflammation in severe COVID-19 justifies the use of immunomodulatory drugs:hydroxychloroquine,ivermectin,anti-histamines,corticosteroids.Probiotics have been used to restore the gut microbiota that interacts with the lung microbiota.Reduction of the permeability of the intestinal barrier has been proposed.Treatment of immune aging with a prostaglandin inhibitor works well in aged mice by restoring dendritic cell migration.Stimulation of innate immunity by a pathogen recognition motif receptor agonist works in mice.

摘要： CpG ODN is a noval immunostimulatory reagent. In this research,the effects ofimmunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) on CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytessubpopulations in the newborn piglets blood were tested at different time with porcinereproductive and respiratory syndrome killed virus vaccine (PRRS vaccine) with or without CpGODN. The results suggested that,the CD4+/CD8+ ratio decreased with age in piglets inoculatedwith vaccine alone or GpC ODN with vaccine or phosphate buffer saline (PBS),however,it wasstable in piglets co-inoculated with CpG ODN and PRRS vaccine (p>0.05),the use of CpG ODNcan prevent effectively the reduction of the proportion of CD4+ T lymphocytes. High titers ofPRRS specific antibody can also be tested in the newborn piglets serum immunized PRRS vaccineand CpG ODN (p<0.05).

摘要： CpG ODN is a noval immunostimulatory reagent. In this research,the effects ofimmunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) on CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytessubpopulations in the newborn piglets blood were tested at different time with porcinereproductive and respiratory syndrome killed virus vaccine (PRRS vaccine) with or without CpGODN. The results suggested that,the CD4+/CD8+ ratio decreased with age in piglets inoculatedwith vaccine alone or GpC ODN with vaccine or phosphate buffer saline (PBS),however,it wasstable in piglets co-inoculated with CpG ODN and PRRS vaccine (p>0.05),the use of CpG ODNcan prevent effectively the reduction of the proportion of CD4+ T lymphocytes. High titers ofPRRS specific antibody can also be tested in the newborn piglets serum immunized PRRS vaccineand CpG ODN (p<0.05).

摘要： CpG ODN is a noval immunostimulatory reagent. In this research,the effects ofimmunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) on CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytessubpopulations in the newborn piglets blood were tested at different time with porcinereproductive and respiratory syndrome killed virus vaccine (PRRS vaccine) with or without CpGODN. The results suggested that,the CD4+/CD8+ ratio decreased with age in piglets inoculatedwith vaccine alone or GpC ODN with vaccine or phosphate buffer saline (PBS),however,it wasstable in piglets co-inoculated with CpG ODN and PRRS vaccine (p>0.05),the use of CpG ODNcan prevent effectively the reduction of the proportion of CD4+ T lymphocytes. High titers ofPRRS specific antibody can also be tested in the newborn piglets serum immunized PRRS vaccineand CpG ODN (p<0.05).

摘要： CpG ODN is a noval immunostimulatory reagent. In this research,the effects ofimmunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) on CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytessubpopulations in the newborn piglets blood were tested at different time with porcinereproductive and respiratory syndrome killed virus vaccine (PRRS vaccine) with or without CpGODN. The results suggested that,the CD4+/CD8+ ratio decreased with age in piglets inoculatedwith vaccine alone or GpC ODN with vaccine or phosphate buffer saline (PBS),however,it wasstable in piglets co-inoculated with CpG ODN and PRRS vaccine (p>0.05),the use of CpG ODNcan prevent effectively the reduction of the proportion of CD4+ T lymphocytes. High titers ofPRRS specific antibody can also be tested in the newborn piglets serum immunized PRRS vaccineand CpG ODN (p<0.05).

摘要： CpG ODN is a noval immunostimulatory reagent. In this research,the effects ofimmunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) on CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytessubpopulations in the newborn piglets blood were tested at different time with porcinereproductive and respiratory syndrome killed virus vaccine (PRRS vaccine) with or without CpGODN. The results suggested that,the CD4+/CD8+ ratio decreased with age in piglets inoculatedwith vaccine alone or GpC ODN with vaccine or phosphate buffer saline (PBS),however,it wasstable in piglets co-inoculated with CpG ODN and PRRS vaccine (p>0.05),the use of CpG ODNcan prevent effectively the reduction of the proportion of CD4+ T lymphocytes. High titers ofPRRS specific antibody can also be tested in the newborn piglets serum immunized PRRS vaccineand CpG ODN (p<0.05).