摘要：
目的 比较女飞行学员在不同任务状态、不同飞行阶段中 NASA 任务负荷指数(National Aeronautics and Space Administration-task load index ,NASA-TLX)量表评分、心率和心率变异性多个指标的差异 ,初步探讨女性在飞行活动中的脑力负荷变化特点. 方法 采用两因素重复测量实验设计 ,选取某飞行学校女飞行学员20人 ,在她们接受理论培训时用KFI生理参数记录仪采集数据作为比较基线 ,并采集其在模拟飞行和实际飞行任务前起飞、近进和着陆时的ECG数据 ,对所得数据进行重复测量方差分析 ,并对各阶段间变化趋势进行 Spearman非参数等级相关性检验.结果 18名受试者的NASA-TLX得分和10名受试者的心率和心率变异性数据为有效数据.①任务类型因素主效应的对比中 ,18名女飞行学员NASA-TLX量表得分在不同任务间差异有统计学意义(F＝8 .294 , P＜0 .01) ,模拟飞行任务(49 .47 ± 22 .69)及实际飞行任务时的得分(49 .68 ± 16 .85)均高于基线状态(30 .85 ± 13 .97) ,差异有统计学意义(t＝3 .506 、3 .547 , P＜0 .05) . 10名女飞行学员心率在不同任务间差异有统计学意义(F＝14 .615 , P＜0 .01) ,模拟飞行任务及实际飞行任务时的平均心率[(84 .70 ± 6 .89)、(87 .73 ± 8 .79)次/min]高于基线状态[(73 .70 ± 6 .15)次/min] ,差异均有统计学意义(t＝4 .029 、5 .137 , P＜0 .05) .②在着陆阶段 ,18名女飞行学员模拟飞行任务与实际飞行任务中的NASA-TLX量表得分(60 .54 ± 21 .05 、61 .70 ± 13 .15)均高于基线状态(30 .85 ± 13 .97) ,差异有统计学意义(t＝3 .506 、3 .547 , P＜0 .05) .着陆阶段10名女飞行学员的心率变异性指标中的标准化低频成分(normalized unit low frequency ,LFnu) 、标准化高频成分(normalized unit high frequency ,HFnu) 、低频(low frequency ,LF)/高频(high frequency ,HF)比值(LF/HF)在不同类型任务间差异均有统计学意义(F＝9 .015～12 .275 , P＜0 .01) ;模拟飞行及实际飞行时 LFnu [(90 .88 ± 4 .44 )%、(77 .22 ± 12.04)% ]均高于基线状态[(63.75±16.87)% ,t＝4.957、2.462,P＜0.05],HFnu[(9.11±4.52)%、(22 .78 ± 12 .04 )% ]低于基线状态[(36 .25 ± 16 .87 )% ] ,差异有统计学意义(t＝ 4 .955 、2 .460 , P＜0 .05) ;模拟飞行时LF/HF(13 .51 ± 9 .51)高于基线状态(2 .40 ± 1 .66) ,差异有统计学意义(t＝4 .088 , P＜0 .05).③在模拟飞行和实际飞行任务中 ,18名女飞行学员NASA-TLX量表得分随飞行阶段的变化呈上升趋势(ρ＝0 .328 、0 .537 , P＜0 .01) ;10名女飞行学员的心率变异性指标LFnu 、LF/HF随飞行阶段变化有上升趋势(ρ＝ 0 .450～0 .631 , P＜0 .01 ) ,HFnu随飞行阶段变化有下降趋势(ρ＝-0 .631 、-0 .450 , P＜0 .01) . 结论 女飞行学员在飞行任务中的脑力负荷状态较基线状态显著升高 ,且在飞行的着陆阶段较飞行前显著升高 ;女飞行学员在模拟飞行训练任务和实际飞行训练任务中的脑力负荷状态基本一致.%Objective To compare the National Aeronautics and Space Administration-task load index (NASA-TLX) scores and the heart rate variability (HRV) of the female pilot cadets under different task conditions and to preliminarily investigate the characteristics of flight mental workload in females . Methods Two factors repeated measurement design was applied in this study .Twenty female pilot cadets of a flight college were chosen as subjects .Their ECG data was collected under the baseline status that they were in theoretical education and the states of preflight , taking off , approaching and landing in simulated and real flying tasks by KF1 physiological parameter recorder . The NASA-TLX scores were used to evaluate the subjective mental workload of the female cadets under baseline status and in all flying stages .The collected data are analyzed by repeated measurement ANOVA and the trends of changes in different flight stages were analyzed by Spearman's non-parameter correlation test . Results Eighteen subjects'NASA-TLX scores and 10 subjects'HR and HRV data were valid .① In analysis of the main effects of task type factors ,18 female pilot cadets'NASA-TLX scores showed significant variance between different tasks (F＝ 8 .294 , P＜0 .01) .The grand average scores both in simulated flight task (49 .47 ± 22 .69) and in real flight task (49 .68 ± 16.85)weresignificantlyhigherthanthatofbaselinestatus [(30.85±13.97);t＝3.506,3.547,P＜0 .05] .The heart rates of 10 female pilot cadets showed statistical significance between different tasks (F＝14 .615 , P＜0 .01) .The average heart rate in simulated flight task [(84 .70 ± 6 .89)beats/min] and in real flight task [(87 .73 ± 8 .79)beats/min] was also significantly higher than that of baseline status [(73 .70 ± 6 .15)beats/min ;t＝4 .029 ,5 .137 ,P＜0 .05] .②At the stage of landing ,NASA-TLX scores of 18 female flight cadets in real flight task (61 .70 ± 13 .15) and in simulated task (60 .54 ± 21.05)weresignificantlyhigherthanthatofbaselinestatus [(30.85±13.97);t＝3.506,3.547,P＜0 .05] .The HRV indexes of 10 female cadets ,including normalized unit low frequency (LFnu) , normalized unit high frequency (HFnu) ,ratio of low and high frequency bands (LF/HF) ,varied significantly in different types of task at the landing stage (F＝9 .015～12 .275 , P＜0 .01) .The LFnu in simulated flight [(90 .88 ± 4 .44)% ] and real flight tasks [(77 .22 ± 12 .04)% ] was higher than that of baseline status [(63 .75 ± 16 .87)% ;] (t＝4 .957 ,2 .462 ,P＜0 .05) ,and the HFnu of the two flight tasks [(9 .11 ± 4 .52)% ,(22 .78 ± 12 .04)% ] was lower than that of baseline status [(36 .25 ± 16 .87)% ;t＝4 .955 ,2 .460 ,P＜0 .05] .The LF/HF in this flight stage showed significant difference between simulated task (13 .51 ± 9 .51) and baseline status [(2 .40 ± 1 .66) ; t＝ 4 .088 , P＜ 0 .05] .③Both in the simulated and real flight tasks ,the NASA-TLX scores of 18 female flight cadets showed rising trend with the flight stage progress (ρ＝0 .328 ,0 .537 ,P＜0 .01) .The rising trends were also found on the LFnu and LF/HF of 10 female flight cadets (ρ＝ 0 .450～0 .631 , P＜ 0 .01) while the descending trends with flight stage progress were found on HFnu in both tasks (ρ＝ - 0 .631 ,-0 .450 ,P＜0 .01) . Conclusions The mental workload of female pilot cadets significantly increases in flight tasks as comparing to the baseline status and is significantly higher in landing stage than before flight .The simulated flight task can provide female pilot cadets basically the same mental workload as the real flight task .It is meaningful to pilot's training and related researches .
