Direct interfacing of nanosensors onto biomaterials could impact health quality monitoringand adaptive threat detection. Graphene is capable of highly sensitive analyte detection dueto its nanoscale nature. Here we show that graphene can be printed onto water-soluble silk.This in turn permits intimate biotransfer of graphene nanosensors onto biomaterials, includingtooth enamel. The result is a fully biointerfaced sensing platform, which can be tuned to detecttarget analytes. For example, via self-assembly of antimicrobial peptides onto graphene, weshow bioselective detection of bacteria at single-cell levels. Incorporation of a resonant coileliminates the need for onboard power and external connections. Combining these elementsyields two-tiered interfacing of peptide–graphene nanosensors with biomaterials. In particular,we demonstrate integration onto a tooth for remote monitoring of respiration and bacteriadetection in saliva. overall, this strategy of interfacing graphene nanosensors with biomaterialsrepresents a versatile approach for ubiquitous detection of biochemical targets.
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