Context and setting An integrated problem-based learning (PBL) programme has been introduced in Years 1 and 2 at the Universiti Teknologi MARA (MARA University of Technology) in Malaysia. The PBL cases are designed to encourage the development of cognitive skills, such as those involved in identifying the problems in the trigger presentation, generating hypotheses for each problem, constructing mechanisms, designing an enquiry plan, using evidence collected to prioritise among hypotheses, interpreting investigation results, using supporting evidence to identify a final hypothesis, and designing a management plan. Why the idea was necessary Students were new to PBL small-group discussion and student-centred learning approaches. Although teachers undertook a 2-day training workshop in how to facilitate PBL discussion and how to ask open-ended questions, most teachers tended to talk a lot and to deliver a mini-lecture.
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