Morphological evolution of an anadromous threespine stickleback population within one generation after reintroduction to Cheney Lake, Alaska

摘要

Background: In 2009, anadromous threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) were stocked in Cheney Lake, Alaska, following treatment with the ichthyocide rotenone to remove invasive northern pike (Esox lucius), but which also extirpated native species. This introduction provides an opportunity to directly observe the evolutionary transition of oceanic stickleback to a freshwater-adapted population.