Limited and excess protein intake of pregnant gilts differently affects body composition and cellularity of skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue of newborn and weanling piglets.

摘要

Aim: This study investigated whether dietary protein intake less (50%) or greater (250%) than requirements throughout gestation differently affects offspring body composition and cellular properties of skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT). Methods: Primiparous gilts were fed iso-energetic diets containing adequate (22 AP), high (21 HP), or low (19 LP) protein contents. Newborn (n=166) and weanling piglets cross-fostered to sows fed a standard diet (day 28; n=83) were examined by morphological, biochemical, histological, and molecular analyses of the body, SCAT, and semitendinosus, longissimus, biceps femoris muscles. Results: Lowered birth weight (BW) in response to the HP and LP diets (p<0.01) resulted from decreases in all body constituents in LP, and mainly from reduced body fat in HP piglets (p<0.05). In the light BW class within litters, HP piglets exhibited a greater percentage of muscle tissue (p<0.05) than LP piglets. Less SCAT mass in HP and LP piglets resulted from reduced (p<0.05) number, but not the size of adipocytes. The LP diet adversely affected myogenesis and muscular differentiation derived from less (p<0.01) primary and secondary myofibers, lower creatine kinase activity (p<0.05), less IGF2 mRNA (p<0.10), and greater expression of the embryonic myosin heavy chain isoform (p<0.01). Catch-up growth of LP but not HP pigs until day 28 increased body fat (p=0.01). Despite compensated muscle growth in LP piglets, the deficit in myofiber number remained. Conclusion: Poor intrauterine environment by limited and excess protein supply retards fetal growth, but only limited protein supply impairs myogenesis, persistently restricts muscle growth potential, and favors obesity at infancy.