A comprehensive study of long-term holes of gophers and marmots in the territory of the Russian Plain has shown that in the early and middle Holocene the process of mesophytization determined the development of the biogeocenotic cover of steppes. Theprocess was stopped in many respects by the development of stock-raising in the late Holocene. In the case of cessation of a pasture load, many species of the steppe fauna are doomed to extinction.
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