Historical food web structure and restoration of native aquatic communities in the Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada) Basin

摘要

Plans for the restoration of aquatic ecosystems are increasingly focusing on the restoration and rehabilitation of self-sustaining native fish communities. Such efforts have not traditionally adopted an ecosystem-based perspective, which considers species as embedded within a broader food web context. In this study, we quantify food web changes in Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada) over the last century based on stable isotope analysis of museum-archived, preserved fish specimens collected during 4 historical periods and under present conditions. We also examine the contemporary food web of nearby Cascade Lake, which is free from most exotic species and contains a species assemblage resembling that of Lake Tahoe prior to historical species introductions. During the last century, the freshwater shrimp Mysis relicta and lake trout (Salvelinus namay-cush) have been introduced and established in Lake Tahoe, and the native top predator, Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi; hereafter LCT), has been extirpated. Isotope analysis indicates that lake trout now occupy a trophic niche similar to that of historical LCT. Fish production has shifted from benthic to pelagic, corresponding with the eutrophication of Lake Tahoe during recent decades. The current Cascade Lake food web resembles that of the historical Lake Tahoe food web. Our isotope-based food web reconstructions reveal long-term food web changes in Lake Tahoe and can serve as the basis for setting historically relevant restoration targets. Unfortunately, the presence of normative species, particularly Mysis and lake trout, have dramatically altered the pelagic food web structure; as such, they are barriers to native fish community restoration. Fish community restoration efforts should focus on adjacent ecosystems, such as Cascade Lake, which have a high likelihood of success because they have not been heavily affected by normative introductions.