SURFACE MORPHOLOGY OF CHALKBOARD TIPS CAPTURES THE UNIQUENESS OF THE USER'S HAND STROKES

摘要

Penmanship has a high degree of uniqueness as exemplified by the standard use of hand signature as identifier in contract validations and property ownerships. In this work, we demonstrate that the distinctiveness of one's writing patterns is possibly embedded in the molding of chalk tips. Using conventional photometric stereo method, the three- dimensional surface features of blackboard chalk tips used in Math and Physics lectures are microscopically resolved. Principal component analysis (PCA) and neural networks (NN) are then combined in identifying the chalk user based on the extracted topogra- phy. We show that NN approach applied to eight lecturers allow average classication accuracy (NN) equal to 100% and 71:5 2:7% for the training and test sets, respec- tively. Test sets are chalks not seen previously by the trained NN and represent 25% or 93 of the 368 chalk samples used. We note that the NN test set prediction is more than ve-fold higher than the proportional chance criterion (PCC, PCC = 12:9%), strongly hinting to a high degree of unique correlation between the user's hand strokes and the chalk tip features. The result of NN is also about three-fold better than the standard methods of linear discriminant analysis (LDA, DA = 27:0 4:2%) or classication and regression trees (CART, CART = 17:3 3:7%). While the procedure discussed is far from becoming a practical biometric tool, our work oers a fundamental perspective to the extent on which the uniqueness of hand strokes of humans can be exhibited.