Cultural constraints on grammar and cognition in Piraha - Another look at the design features of human language

摘要

The Piraha language challenges simplistic application of Hockett's nearly universally accepted design features of human language by showing that some of these features ( interchangeability, displacement, and productivity) may be culturally constrained. In particular, Piraha culture constrains communication to nonabstract subjects which fall within the immediate experience of interlocutors. This constraint explains a number of very surprising features of Piraha grammar and culture: the absence of numbers of any kind or a concept of counting and of any terms for quantification, the absence of color terms, the absence of embedding, the simplest pronoun inventory known, the absence of "relative tenses," the simplest kinship system yet documented, the absence of creation myths and fiction, the absence of any individual or collective memory of more than two generations past, the absence of drawing or other art and one of the simplest material cultures documented, and the fact that the Piraha are monolingual after more than 200 years of regular contact with Brazilians and the Tupi-Guarani- speaking Kawahiv.