Topical Anesthesia for Endoscopic Office-based Procedures of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract

摘要

Objective. Over the last two decades, an increase in office-based procedures under topical anesthesia in laryngology and head and neck oncology has occurred. Adequate anesthesia in the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx is essential for successful performance of these procedures. Our goal is to provide an objective summary on the available local anesthetics, methods of application, local secondary effects, efficacy, and complications.