DURING RECENT DECADES, interest has grown among conservationists, restoration practitioners, forest managers and landscape designers to restore biodiversity and recreate habitats, which is now a global business worth at least $1.6 trillion annually and likely to grow substantially (Merritt & Dixon, 2011). There is a diversity of methods for re-introducing plants today, with the most popular being direct seeding as it is fundamental to broad-scale plant restoration. Native seeds have also been increasingly sown in urban regeneration and civil engineering projects for their attractive appearance and low maintenance requirements (Ryan et al., 2008). However, successful establishment of wild species and their sustained presence can be difficult to achieve, leading to disappointment in well-intentioned investments in environmental improvement.
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