Evaluating morphological estimates of the aerodynamic roughness of debris covered glacier ice

机译：评估碎片覆盖冰川冰的空气动力粗糙度的形态估计

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Abstract > Aerodynamic roughness length ( <fi>z</fi> <sub>0</sub> ), the height above the ground surface at which the extrapolated horizontal wind velocity profile drops to zero, is one of the most poorly parameterised elements of the glacier surface energy balance equation. Microtopographic methods for estimating <fi>z</fi> <sub>0</sub> have become prominent in the literature in recent years, but are rarely validated against independent measures and are yet to be comprehensively analysed for scale or data resolution dependency. Here, we present the results of a field investigation conducted on the debris covered Khumbu Glacier during the post‐monsoon season of 2015. We focus on two sites. The first is characterised by gravels and cobbles supported by a fine sandy matrix. The second comprises cobbles and boulders separated by voids. Vertical profiles of wind speed recorded by a tower comprising five cup anemometers and deployed over both sites enable us to derive measurements of aerodynamic roughness that reflect their observed surface characteristics (0.0184?m and 0.0243?m, respectively). At the second site, <fi>z</fi> <sub>0</sub> also varied through time following snowfall (0.0055?m) and during its subsequent melt (0.0129?m), showing the importance of fine resolution topography for near‐surface airflow. To compare the wind profile data with microtopographic methods, we conducted structure from motion multi‐view stereo (SfM‐MVS) surveys across each patch and calculated <fi>z</fi> <sub>0</sub> using three previously published approaches. The fully three‐dimensional cloud‐based approach is shown to be most stable across different scales and these <fi>z</fi> <sub>0</sub> values are most correct i </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> <div class="translation abstracttxt"> <span class="zhankaihshouqi fivelineshidden" id="abstract"> <span>机译：</span><abstract xmlns =“http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/wiley”type =“main”xml：lang =“en”> <title type =“main”>抽象</ title> >空气动力粗糙度长度（<fi> z </ fi> <sub> 0 </ sub>），后表面的地面上方的高度是冰川表面的最差参数化元件之一能量平衡方程。用于估计<fi> z </ fi> <sub> 0 </ sub>在近年来的文献中突出的微拷贝方法，但很少针对独立措施验证，并且尚未完全分析规模或数据解决依赖性。在这里，我们展示了在2015年后季风季节的碎片上覆盖了Khumbu冰川的实地调查的结果。我们专注于两个地点。首先的特征在于砾石和鹅卵石，由细沙基质支撑。第二个包括由空隙分开的鹅卵石和巨石。由包含五个杯形风速计的塔并在两个站点上部署的塔的垂直简档使我们能够导出反映其观察到的表面特性的空气动力学粗糙度（分别为0.0243μm）的测量值。在第二个站点，<fi> z </ fi> <sub> 0 </ sub>在降雪之后的时间（0.0055μm）和后续熔体（0.0129Ωm），显示出精细分辨性地形的重要性用于近表面气流。要使用微选曲线方法进行比较风格数据，我们在每种补丁上的运动多视图立体声（SFM-MVS）调查中进行了结构，并使用三个先前发布的三个（使用三个）计算<fi> z </ fi> <sub> 0 </ sub>方法。基于三维云的方法显示在不同的尺度上最稳定，这些<fi> z </ fi> <sub> 0 </ sub>值最正确 </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> <div class="record"> <h2 class="all_title" id="enpatent33" >著录项</h2> <ul> <li> <span class="lefttit">来源</span> <div style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"> <a href='/journal-foreign-22319/'>《Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: The journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group》</a> <b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>2017年第15期</span><b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>共13页</span> </div> </li> <li> <div class="author"> <span class="lefttit">作者</span> <p id="fAuthorthree" class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi"> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Quincey Duncan&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Quincey Duncan;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Smith Mark&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Smith Mark;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Rounce David&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Rounce David;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Ross Andrew&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Ross Andrew;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=King Owen&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">King Owen;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Watson Cameron&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Watson Cameron;</a> </p> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zkzz" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </li> <li> <div style="display: flex;"> <span class="lefttit">作者单位</span> <div style="position: relative;margin-left: 3px;max-width: 639px;"> <div class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi" id="fOrgthree"> <p>School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsLS2 9JT UK;</p> <p>School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsLS2 9JT UK;</p> <p>Center for Research in Water ResourcesUniversity of Texas at AustinAustin Texas USA;</p> <p>School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLS2 9JT UK;</p> <p>School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsLS2 9JT UK;</p> <p>School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsLS2 9JT UK;</p> </div> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zhdw" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> </li> <li > <span class="lefttit">收录信息</span> <span style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"></span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">原文格式</span> <span>PDF</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">正文语种</span> <span>eng</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">中图分类</span> <span><a href="https://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/clc/163.html" title="地球物理学">地球物理学;</a></span> </li> <li class="antistop"> <span class="lefttit">关键词</span> <p style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;"> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=debris‐covered ice&option=203" rel="nofollow">debris‐covered ice;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=roughness&option=203" rel="nofollow">roughness;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=structure from motion&option=203" rel="nofollow">structure from motion;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Himalaya&option=203" rel="nofollow">Himalaya;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=microtopography&option=203" rel="nofollow">microtopography;</a> </p> <div class="translation"> 机译：碎片覆盖的冰;粗糙度;来自运动的结构;喜马拉雅;微拷贝; 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