Structural and thermal controls of rockfall frequency and magnitude within rockwall–talus systems (Swiss Alps)

机译：Rockwall-Talus系统内岩石频率和幅度的结构和热控制（瑞士阿尔卑斯山）

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Abstract >Both from a systemic and natural hazard perspective, it is essential to understand the causes and frequency of rockfalls in mountain terrain and to predict the block sizes deposited at specific locations. Commonly, rockfalls are studied either retrospectively, using talus slopes, or directly by rockwall surveys. Nevertheless, our understanding of rockfall activity, particularly at the lower magnitude spectrum, is still incomplete. Moreover, the explanatory framework is rarely addressed explicitly. In this study, we investigate two rockwall–talus systems in the Swiss Alps to estimate the rockfall frequency–magnitude pattern and their key controls. We present a holistic approach that integrates deductive geotechnical and thermal investigations of the source rockwalls with abductive talus‐based explanations of rockfall volume and frequency. > The rockwalls' three‐dimensional (3D) joint pattern indicates that 75% of the blocks may be released as debris fall ( 14?m 3 ) and boulder falls (14–61?m 3 ), which is mirrored in the corresponding talus material. Using two‐year records of near‐surface rockwall temperatures as input for a 1D heat conduction model underlines the destabilizing role of seasonal ice segregation. Deepest frost cracking of 300?cm may occur on the north‐northeast (NNE)‐exposed, snow‐rich rockwall, with peaks at the outermost surface. The synthesis of all data suggests that infrequent, large planar slides (approximately every 250?years) overlain by smaller, more frequent wedge and toppling failures (approximately every 17–50?years) as well as high‐frequency flake‐like clasts (3–6 events/year) characterize the rockfall frequency–magnitude pattern at Hungerli Peak. >Here, we argue that small‐size rockfalls need more scientific attention, particularly in discontinuous permafrost zones. Our study emphasizes that future frequency–magnitude research should ideally incorporate site‐specific structural and thermal properties, rather than just focusing on climatic or meteorological triggers. We discuss how holistic rockwall–talus approaches, as proposed here, could help to increase our process understanding of rockfalls in mountain environments. Copyright ? 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. </abstract> </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> <div class="translation abstracttxt"> <span class="zhankaihshouqi fivelineshidden" id="abstract"> <span>机译：</span><abstract xmlns =“http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/wiley”type =“main”> <title type =“main”>抽象</ title> >两种系统和自然危险视角，必须了解山地地形中岩石的原因和频率，并预测在特定位置沉积的块尺寸。通常，使用距离摇滚斜坡或直接通过摇滚墙调查来研究岩石。然而，我们对岩石活动的理解，特别是在较低幅度谱中，仍然不完整。此外，解释性框架很少明确解决。在这项研究中，我们调查了瑞士阿尔卑斯山的两个Rockwall-Talus系统，以估计岩石频率幅度模式及其关键控制。我们展示了一种整体方法，将源摇滚墙的演绎岩土技术和热调查集成了荒地的岩石体积和频率的绑架岩石的解释。</ p> >摇滚墙的三维（3D）关节图案表示75％块可以释放为碎片落（14Ω·m 3 </ sup>）和巨石下降（14-61ΩΩm 3 </ sup>），这在相应的缩略图中被镜像材料。利用近表面摇滚墙温度的两年记录作为1D热传导模型的输入强调了季节性冰隔离的不稳定作用。在北 - 东北（NNE） - 宽敞的雪瓦墙上可能会出现最深的霜冻裂缝300？CM，最外面的峰值。所有数据的合成都表明，不常见，大的平面幻灯片（大约每250岁）覆盖的较小，更频繁的楔形和倒塌的故障（大约每17-50个？年）以及高频片状夹斗（3 -6事件/年）在Hungerli峰值下表征落地频率幅度图案。 </ p> >在这里，我们认为小尺寸的岩石需要更科学，特别是在不连续的永久冻土区域。我们的研究强调，未来的频率幅度研究应理想地纳入特定的结构和热性质，而不是专注于气候或气象触发器。我们讨论整体摇滚墙 - 塔卢斯的方法，如在此所提出的，可以帮助增加山环境中岩石的过程。版权？ 2017年John Wiley＆amp; SONS，LTD。</ p> </ abstract> </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> <div class="record"> <h2 class="all_title" id="enpatent33" >著录项</h2> <ul> <li> <span class="lefttit">来源</span> <div style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"> <a href='/journal-foreign-22319/'>《Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: The journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group》</a> <b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>2017年第13期</span><b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>共19页</span> </div> </li> <li> <div class="author"> <span class="lefttit">作者</span> <p id="fAuthorthree" class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi"> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Messenzehl Karoline&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Messenzehl Karoline;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Dikau Richard&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Dikau Richard;</a> </p> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zkzz" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </li> <li> <div style="display: flex;"> <span class="lefttit">作者单位</span> <div style="position: relative;margin-left: 3px;max-width: 639px;"> <div class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi" id="fOrgthree"> <p>Department of GeographyUniversity of BonnBonn Germany;</p> <p>Department of GeographyUniversity of BonnBonn Germany;</p> </div> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zhdw" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> </li> <li > <span class="lefttit">收录信息</span> <span style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"></span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">原文格式</span> <span>PDF</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">正文语种</span> <span>eng</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">中图分类</span> <span><a href="https://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/clc/163.html" title="地球物理学">地球物理学;</a></span> </li> <li class="antistop"> <span class="lefttit">关键词</span> <p style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;"> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=rockfalls&option=203" rel="nofollow">rockfalls;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=talus slopes&option=203" rel="nofollow">talus slopes;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=frequency and magnitude&option=203" rel="nofollow">frequency and magnitude;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=frost cracking&option=203" rel="nofollow">frost cracking;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=permafrost&option=203" rel="nofollow">permafrost;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=joint properties&option=203" rel="nofollow">joint properties;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=abduction and deduction&option=203" rel="nofollow">abduction and deduction;</a> </p> <div class="translation"> 机译：岩石;塔卢斯斜坡;频率和幅度;霜裂化;永久性;联合物业;绑架和扣除; </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="literature cardcommon"> <div class="similarity "> <h3 class="all_title" id="enpatent66">相似文献</h3> <div class="similaritytab clearfix"> <ul> <li class="active" >外文文献</li> <li >中文文献</li> <li >专利</li> </ul> </div> <div class="similarity_details"> <ul > <li> <div> <b>1. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/journal-foreign-detail/0704023139098.html">Structural and thermal controls of rockfall frequency and magnitude within rockwall–talus systems (Swiss Alps)</a> <b>[J]</b> . <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Messenzehl Karoline&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Messenzehl Karoline,</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Dikau Richard&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Dikau Richard </a> <a href="/journal-foreign-22319/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_authcolor">Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: The journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group .</a> <span>2017</span><span>,第13期</span> </span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: initial;"> <span>机译：Rockwall-Talus系统内岩石频率和幅度的结构和热控制（瑞士阿尔卑斯山）</span> </p> </li> <li> <div> <b>2. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/academic-journal-foreign_detail_thesis/0204121786897.html">A 6-year lidar survey reveals enhanced rockwall retreat and modified rockfall magnitudes/frequencies in deglaciating cirques</a> <b>[J]</b> . <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Hartmeyer Ingo&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Hartmeyer Ingo,</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Keuschnig Markus&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Keuschnig Markus,</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Delleske Robert&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Delleske Robert,</a> <a href="/journal-foreign-22318/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_authcolor">Earth Surface Dynamics Discussions .</a> <span>2020</span><span>,第3期</span> </span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: initial;"> <span>机译：6年的激光乐雷达调查显示了增强的Rockwall撤退和改进的岩石级/频率在亡观子里</span> </p> </li> <li> <div> <b>3. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/academic-journal-foreign_detail_thesis/0204120915733.html">A 6-year lidar survey reveals enhanced rockwall retreat and modified rockfall magnitudes/frequencies in deglaciating cirques</a> <b>[J]</b> . <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Ingo Hartmeyer&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Ingo Hartmeyer,</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Markus Keuschnig&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Markus Keuschnig,</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Robert Delleske&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Robert Delleske,</a> <a href="/journal-foreign-22317/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_authcolor">Earth Surface Dynamics .</a> <span>2020</span><span>,第3期</span> </span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: initial;"> <span>机译：6年的激光乐雷达调查显示了增强的Rockwall撤退和改进的岩石级/频率在亡观子里</span> </p> </li> <li> <div> <b>4. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/academic-conference-foreign_meeting-278861_thesis/0705013257219.html">Thermal characteristics of mid-latitude high-alpine rockwalls at the Aiguille du Midi (3842 m a.s.l., Mont Blanc massif)</a> <b>[C]</b> . <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=F. 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E.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Short, J. 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Xiao Tao</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=肖涛&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">,肖涛</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Liu Yi&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">,Liu Yi</a> <span> <a href="/conference-cn-60398/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_authcolor"> . 2013全国无线及移动通信学术大会 </a> <span> <span> . 2013</span> </span> </div> </li> <li> <div> <b>7. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/academic-degree-domestic_mphd_thesis/020315868869.html">基于0~80μm花岗岩石粉内掺掺量的水工混凝土性能及微观结构研究</a> <b>[A] </b> <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=翟盛通&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor"> . 翟盛通</a> <span> . 2020</span> </span> </div> </li> </ul> <ul style="display: none;"> <li> <div> <b>1. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/patent-detail/06120104519691.html">用于确定振动结构频率和幅度的,尤其是用于测量加速度或旋转速率的装置和方法</a> <b>[P]</b> . <span> 中国专利： CN1319187A </span> <span> . 2001-10-24</span> </div> </li> <li> <div> <b>2. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/patent-detail/06120113300885.html">恒频交流供电系统频率调制幅度测量方法及装置</a> <b>[P]</b> . <span> 中国专利： CN113341219A </span> <span> . 2021-09-03</span> </div> </li> <li> <div> <b>3. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/patent-detail/06130492691646.html">Signal generator, in which the frequency is within a certain range is changed with the aid of an electrical, only up to the above - tuning of the frequency - actual value with the desired value acting control - magnitude, in particular for generating a control voltage in control circuits for according to direct transmission systems</a> <b>[P]</b> . <span> 外国专利：  DE755218C </span> <span> . 1954-02-01</span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: initial;"> <span>机译：信号发生器，其中频率在一定范围内，只能通过电气方式进行改变，直到达到上述要求为止-频率调整-实际值具有控制作用的期望值-幅度，特别是用于产生控制电压在直接传输系统的控制电路中 </span> </p> </li> <li> <div> <b>4. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/patent-detail/06130452572055.html">APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING TEMPERATURE WITHIN BUILDING INTERIOR CONFINING STRUCTURAL UNITS BY MEANS OF GEOTHERMAL AND/OR SOLAR ENERGY</a> <b>[P]</b> . <span> 外国专利：  PL327179A1 </span> <span> . 1998-11-23</span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: initial;"> <span>机译：通过地热和/或太阳能的方式在建筑物内部约束结构单元内控制温度的装置 </span> </p> </li> <li> <div> <b>5. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/patent-detail/06130481806909.html">frequency shift - a radar system to the doppler phase difference - distance measurement, the doppler frequency - speed measurement and rapprochement / distance adjusting the control magnitude - distinction</a> <b>[P]</b> . <span> 外国专利：  DE000002137206C3 </span> <span> . 1976-12-30</span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: initial;"> <span>机译：频移-雷达系统至多普勒相位差-距离测量，多普勒频率-速度测量和和解/距离调节控制幅度-区别 </span> </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="theme cardcommon" style="overflow: auto;display:none"> <h3 class="all_title" id="enpatent55">相关主题</h3> <ul id="subject"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="right rightcon"> <div class="details_img cardcommon clearfix" style="margin-bottom: 10px;display:none;" > </div> </div> </div> <div id="thesis_get_original1" class="downloadBth" style="bottom: 19px;z-index: 999;" onclick="ywcd('0704023139098','4',7,2,1,'',this,24)" class="delivery" prompt="010401" title="通过人工服务将文献原文发送至邮箱" >获取原文</div> <div class="journalsub-pop-up" style="display: none"> <div class="journal-sub"> <h2>期刊订阅</h2> <img 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