The influence of structural organization of epilithic and endolithic lichens on limestone weathering

Morando Mariagrazia; Wilhelm Katrin; Matteucci Enrica; Martire Luca; Piervittori Rosanna; Viles Heather A.; Favero‐Longo Sergio Enrico

摘要

Abstract > Hyphal penetration, mineral dissolution and neoformation at the lichen–rock interface have been widely characterized by microscopic and spectroscopic studies, and considered as proxies of lichen deterioration of stone substrates. However, these phenomena have not been clearly related to experimental data on physical properties related to stone durability, and the physical consequences of lichen removal from stone surfaces have also been overlooked. In this study, we combine microscopic and spectroscopic characterization of the structural organization of epi‐ and endolithic lichens ( <fc> <fi>Caloplaca marina</fi> </fc> (Wedd.) Du Rietz, Caloplaca ochracea (Schaer.) Flagey, Bagliettoa baldensis (A.Massal.) Vězda, Porina linearis (Leight.) Zahlbr., Verrucaria nigrescens Pers.) at the interface with limestones of interest for Cultural Heritage (Portland Limestone, Botticino Limestone), with analysis of rock properties (water absorption, surface hardness) relevant for durability, before and after the removal or scraping of lichen thalli. Observations using reflected‐light and electron microscopy, and Raman analyses, showed lichen–limestone stratified interfaces, differing in the presence/absence and depth of lichen anatomical layers (lithocortex, photobiont layer, pervasive and sparse hyphal penetration component) depending on species and lithology. Specific structural organizations of lichen–rock interface were found to be associated with differential patterns of water absorption increase, evaluated by Karsten tube, in comparison with surfaces with microbial biofilms only, even more pronounced after the removal or scraping of the upper structural layers. Equotip measurements on surfaces bearing intact thalli showed lower hardness in comparison with control surfaces. By contrast, after the removal or scraping procedures, Equotip values were similar to or higher than those of controls, suggesting that the increasing open porosity may be related to a biogenic hardening process. Such counterposed patterns of porosity increase and hardening need to be considered when models relating lichen occurrence on limestones and biogeomorphological surface evolution are proposed, and to evaluate the consequences of lichen removal from stone‐built cultural heritage. Copyright ? 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. </abstract> </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> <div class="translation abstracttxt"> <span class="zhankaihshouqi fivelineshidden" id="abstract"> <span>机译：</span><abstract xmlns =“http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/wiley”type =“main”> <title type =“main”>摘录</ title> >悬垂渗透，矿物溶解和新涂料地衣岩界面已被显微镜和光谱研究普遍为特征，并且被认为是石材基板的地衣劣化的代理。然而，这些现象与与石头耐久性有关的物理性质的实验数据没有明确相关，并且从石头表面上移除地衣的物理后果也被忽略了。在这项研究中，我们将显微镜和光谱表征结合了基础和天生地衣的结构组织（<FC> <FI> CALOPLACA MARINA </ FI> </ FC>（WEDD。）du RIETZ， CALOPLACA OCHRACEA < / i>（schaer。）甜菜， bagliettoa baldensis </ i>（a.massal。）vězda， porina linearis </ i>（徽标。）zahlbr。， verrucaria nigrescens </ i > PERS。）在与文化遗产（波特兰石灰石，瓶石灰石）的利润率的界面，分析岩石性质（吸水，表面硬度），与耐久性，去除或刮擦地衣Thalli之前和刮擦。使用反射光和电子显微镜和拉曼分析的观察结果显示，根据物种和岩性，地衣解剖层（Lithocortex，Photobiont层，普适和稀疏的悬垂性和稀疏的悬垂性和稀疏的悬垂性渗透组分）不同，观察到衣原 - 石灰岩分析。。发现了利科岩界面的具体结构组织与karsten管评估的水吸收升高的差异模式相关，与仅具有微生物生物膜的表面相比，在去除或刮擦上部结构层之后更加明显。轴承完整的轮廓测量完整的Thalli与控制表面相比表现出较低的硬度。相比之下，在去除或刮削程序之后，单位值类似于或高于对照，表明不断增长的开放孔隙率可能与生物化硬化过程有关。当提出有关石灰岩和生物徽章表面演进的模型时，需要考虑这种孔隙率增加和硬化的平面，并评估了地衣去除石构遗产的后果。版权？ 2017年John Wiley＆amp; SONS，LTD。</ p> </ abstract> </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> <div class="record"> <h2 class="all_title" id="enpatent33" >著录项</h2> <ul> <li> <span class="lefttit">来源</span> <div style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"> <a href='/journal-foreign-22319/'>《Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: The journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group》</a> <b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>2017年第11期</span><b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>共14页</span> </div> </li> <li> <div class="author"> <span class="lefttit">作者</span> <p id="fAuthorthree" class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi"> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Morando Mariagrazia&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Morando Mariagrazia;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Wilhelm Katrin&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Wilhelm Katrin;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Matteucci Enrica&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Matteucci Enrica;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Martire Luca&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Martire Luca;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Piervittori Rosanna&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Piervittori Rosanna;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Viles Heather A.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Viles Heather A.;</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Favero‐Longo Sergio Enrico&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Favero‐Longo Sergio Enrico;</a> </p> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zkzz" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </li> <li> <div style="display: flex;"> <span class="lefttit">作者单位</span> <div style="position: relative;margin-left: 3px;max-width: 639px;"> <div class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi" id="fOrgthree"> <p>University of Torino Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyViale Mattioli 25 10125 Torino Italy;</p> <p>Oxford Rock Breakdown Laboratory (OxRBL) School of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxford UK;</p> <p>University of Torino Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyViale Mattioli 25 10125 Torino Italy;</p> <p>University of Torino Department of Earth SciencesVia Valperga Caluso 35 10125 Torino Italy;</p> <p>University of Torino Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyViale Mattioli 25 10125 Torino Italy;</p> <p>Oxford Rock Breakdown Laboratory (OxRBL) School of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxford UK;</p> <p>University of Torino Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyViale Mattioli 25 10125 Torino Italy;</p> </div> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zhdw" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> </li> <li > <span class="lefttit">收录信息</span> <span style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"></span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">原文格式</span> <span>PDF</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">正文语种</span> <span>eng</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">中图分类</span> <span><a href="https://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/clc/163.html" title="地球物理学">地球物理学;</a></span> </li> <li class="antistop"> <span class="lefttit">关键词</span> <p style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;"> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=biodeterioration&option=203" rel="nofollow">biodeterioration;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=lichen–rock interface&option=203" rel="nofollow">lichen–rock interface;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=stone cultural heritage&option=203" rel="nofollow">stone cultural heritage;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=surface hardness&option=203" rel="nofollow">surface hardness;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=water absorption capacity&option=203" rel="nofollow">water absorption capacity;</a> </p> <div class="translation"> 机译：生物意思;地衣岩界面;石文化遗产;表面硬度;吸水能力; </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="literature cardcommon"> <div class="similarity "> <h3 class="all_title" id="enpatent66">相似文献</h3> <div class="similaritytab clearfix"> <ul> <li class="active" >外文文献</li> <li >中文文献</li> <li >专利</li> </ul> </div> <div class="similarity_details"> <ul > <li> <div> <b>1. 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