From applied ethics to empirical ethics to contextual ethics

机译：从应用伦理到弱化伦理学对情境伦理

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Abstract >Bioethics became applied ethics when it was assimilated to moral philosophy. Because deduction is the rationality of moral philosophy, subsuming facts under moral principles to deduce conclusions about what ought to be done became the prescribed reasoning of bioethics, and bioethics became a theory comprised of moral principles. Bioethicists now realize that applied ethics is too abstract and spare to apprehend the specificity, particularity, complexity and contingency of real moral issues. Empirical ethics and contextual ethics are needed to incorporate these features into morality, not just bioethics. The relevant facts and features of problems have to be identified, investigated and framed coherently, and potential resolutions have to be constructed and assessed. Moreover, these tasks are pursued and melded within manifold contexts, for example, families, work and health care systems, as well as societal, economic, legal and political backgrounds and encompassing worldviews. This naturalist orientation and both empirical ethics and contextual ethics require judgment, but how can judgment be rational? Rationality, fortunately, is more expansive than deductive reasoning. Judgment is rational when it emanates from a rational process of deliberation, and a process of deliberation is rational when it uses the resources of non‐formal reason: observation, creative construction, formal and informal reasoning methods and systematic critical assessment. Empirical ethics and contextual ethics recognize that finite, fallible human beings live in complex, dynamic, contingent worlds, and they foster creative, critical deliberation and employ non‐formal reason to make rational moral judgments. </abstract> </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> <div class="translation abstracttxt"> <span class="zhankaihshouqi fivelineshidden" id="abstract"> <span>机译：</span><Abstract XMLNS =“http://www.wiley.com/namespaces/wiley”type =“main”xml：lang =“en”> <title type =“main”>抽象</ title> >生物伦理当它被同化为道德哲学时的应用道德。由于扣除是道德哲学的合理性，道德原则下的归档事实阐明了关于所要做的内容的结论成为生物伦理的规定推理，生物伦理学成为道德原则的理论。生物肠道师现在意识到所应用的道德太抽象，饶恕了真正道德问题的特殊性，特殊，复杂性和应急。需要经验伦理和语境伦理融入道德，而不仅仅是生物伦理。必须识别，调查和造成问题的相关事实和特征，以及必须构建和评估潜在的分辨率。此外，这些任务是在歧管背景下融合和融合，例如，家庭，工作和医疗保健系统，以及社会，经济，法律和政治背景和包括世界观。这种自然主义方向和经验伦理和情境伦理需要判断，但判断如何理性？合理性，幸运的是，比演绎推理更广泛。判断是理性的，当它从理性的审议过程中发出时，审议过程是合理的，当它利用非正规原因的资源时：观察，创造性的建设，正规和非正式推理方法和系统的关键评估。经验伦理和情境伦理认识到，有限，易别的人类生活在复杂，动态，厄运世界中，他们促进创造性，批判性审议，并采用非正规理由做理道德判断。</ p> </摘要> </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> <div class="record"> <h2 class="all_title" id="enpatent33" >著录项</h2> <ul> <li> <span class="lefttit">来源</span> <div style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"> <a href='/journal-foreign-14793/'>《Bioethics》</a> <b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>2018年第2期</span><b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>共7页</span> </div> </li> <li> <div class="author"> <span class="lefttit">作者</span> <p id="fAuthorthree" class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi"> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Hoffmaster Barry&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Hoffmaster Barry;</a> </p> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zkzz" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </li> <li> <div style="display: flex;"> <span class="lefttit">作者单位</span> <div style="position: relative;margin-left: 3px;max-width: 639px;"> <div class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi" id="fOrgthree"> </div> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zhdw" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> </li> <li > <span class="lefttit">收录信息</span> <span style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"></span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">原文格式</span> <span>PDF</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">正文语种</span> <span>eng</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">中图分类</span> <span><a href="https://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/clc/15.html" title="生物科学">生物科学;</a></span> </li> <li class="antistop"> <span class="lefttit">关键词</span> <p style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;"> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=applied ethics&option=203" rel="nofollow">applied ethics;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=contextual ethics&option=203" rel="nofollow">contextual ethics;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=deliberation&option=203" rel="nofollow">deliberation;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=empirical ethics&option=203" rel="nofollow">empirical ethics;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=judgment&option=203" rel="nofollow">judgment;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=non‐formal reason&option=203" rel="nofollow">non‐formal reason;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=rationality&option=203" rel="nofollow">rationality;</a> </p> <div class="translation"> 机译：应用伦理;语境伦理;审议;经验伦理;判断;非正规理性;理性; </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="literature cardcommon"> <div class="similarity "> <h3 class="all_title" id="enpatent66">相似文献</h3> <div class="similaritytab clearfix"> <ul> <li class="active" >外文文献</li> <li >中文文献</li> <li >专利</li> </ul> </div> <div class="similarity_details"> <ul > <li> <div> <b>1. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/journal-foreign-detail/0704021837904.html">From applied ethics to empirical ethics to contextual ethics</a> <b>[J]</b> . <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Hoffmaster Barry&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Hoffmaster Barry </a> <a href="/journal-foreign-14793/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_authcolor">Bioethics .</a> <span>2018</span><span>,第2期</span> </span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: initial;"> <span>机译：从应用伦理到弱化伦理学对情境伦理</span> </p> </li> <li> <div> <b>2. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/academic-journal-foreign_ethical-theory-moral-practice_thesis/020419380814.html">Who is Authorized to Do Applied Ethics? 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