Lower body negative pressure to safely reduce intracranial pressure

摘要

Patients with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) exhibit neuro-ocular symptoms including headache, papilloedema and loss of vision. Some of these symptoms are also present in astronauts during and after prolonged space-flight where lack of gravitational stress prevents daily lowering of ICP associated with upright posture. Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) simulates the effects of gravity by displacing fluid caudally and we hypothesized that LBNP would lower ICP without compromising cerebral perfusion. Ten cerebrally intact volunteers were included: six ambulatory neurosurgical patients with parenchymal ICP-sensors and four former cancer patients with Ommaya-reservoirs to the frontal horn of a lateral ventricle. We applied LBNP while recording ICP and blood pressure while supine, and during simulated intracranial hypertension by 15 degrees head-down tilt. LBNP from 0 to 50 mmHg at increments of 10 mmHg lowered ICP in a non-linear dose-dependent fashion; when supine (n = 10), ICP was decreased from 15 +/- 2 mmHg to 14 +/- 4, 12 +/- 5, 11 +/- 4, 10 +/- 3 and 9 +/- 4 mmHg, respectively (P 0.0001). Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), calculated as mean arterial blood pressure at midbrain level minus ICP, was unchanged (from 70 +/- 12 mmHg to 67 +/- 9, 69 +/- 10, 70 +/- 12, 72 +/- 13 and 74 +/- 15 mmHg; P = 0.02). A 15 degrees head-down tilt (n = 6) increased ICP to 26 +/- 4 mmHg, while application of LBNP lowered ICP (to 21 +/- 4, 20 +/- 4, 18 +/- 4, 17 +/- 4 and 17 +/- 4 mmHg; P 0.0001) and increased CPP (P 0.01). An LBNP of 20 mmHg may be the optimal level to lower ICP without impairing CPP to counteract spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome in astronauts. Furthermore, LBNP holds clinical potential as a safe, non-invasive method for lowering ICP and improving CPP for patients with pathologically elevated ICP on Earth.