Counterpoint: No time to inhale: arguments against inhaled insulin in 2007.

摘要

Much of the storied history of insulin has revolved around attempts to make its administration easier for patients who have to inject it to survive. The search for alternative routes of administration began almost immediately after its discovery-insulin was administered by inhalation, with modest effectiveness, and then within several years of its first administration by subcutaneous injection (1). The now almost unimaginable use of 20-gavige needles, sharpened by hand, and glass syringes that had to be sterilized regularly made the development of less painful and more convenient injections highly desirable. Moreover, before the development of intermediate-and long-acting formulations of insulin in the 1930s, four to five daily injections of the available rapid-acting formulation were required if patients wanted to avoid hyperglycemia and accompanying poly-uria and polydipsia.