New Century's Challenge: Sustainability

摘要

After John Smeaton of England called himself the first civil engineer in the world in the 18th century, civil engineers everywhere have been facing new challenges in each century. In the 19th century, civil engineers created methods for the efficient use of structural materials such as steel and concrete to build bridges and structures. Once they learned the fact that lifetime maintenance often costs more than the original construction, engineers in the 20th century developed new design methods to consider effective maintenance and repair as part of the initial design problem.