Cleaner production and sustainability

摘要

This paper describes the Norwegian method for Cleaner Production (CP) as well as results and experiences from its use over more than 12 years. Quantifiable results in terms of reduced wastes and emissions and improved material and energy efficiencies have been documented by many authors. Many countries as a strategy for improving environmental performance have also adopted the CP concept. This paper focuses on the intangible benefits and human factors derived from CP projects, how the present CP model may be improved and present ideas on how the CP concept can be expanded to more directly address the needs of developing countries. Improvements to the present CP model should include means for ensuring sustainability of the local CP centre and its activities and financial mechanisms to facilitate affordable environmental investments. The expansion of the basic CP concept should include modules that more directly address the challenges of creating job opportunities, eradicating poverty, protecting public health and improving safety. CP should no longer be viewed as a stand-alone option but be integrated in all business development activities to improve quality of life. The authors also encourage the development of a holistic view to include "greening of the supply chain", recycling of materials and applying an LCA philosophy in product development. To speed up the adaptation of CP in the many very small enterprises that exist, an integrated approach to quality systems, CP and environmental management systems is proposed. Some of these ideas were recently implemented in the planning of a CP programme in Uganda. CP as a stand-alone option will not create a sustainable society, but expanding the concept in a similar fashion to that proposed in this article, is believed to be an important step in the right direction, provided that sufficient funding is available over an extended period.