Tendencies of overcoming crises in the housing-and-communal sphere: international aspect

摘要

In the condition of market economy in the housing sphere it is accepted to differentiate two interacting markets - the market of housing stock and the market of housing services. The beginning of market grouping of the housing stock as basic element of the real estate market in Russia, it was necessary in 1991 by adoption of legal acts for privatization of housing. After that the market of housing services began to be arranged. The historical development of the housing market can be considered through the system of institutional changes with respect to the development of the economy and enhancement of the infrastructure. Institutes represent the rules, mechanisms providing their accomplishment, and standards of behavior which structure the repeating interactions among citizens. It becomes obvious that the institutes determine and limit the set of alternatives which are available for each economic actor, they include all forms of the restrictions created by people to give a certain structure to human relations. However it is also important to understand that institutes, being standard restrictions, create opportunities which members of the society have, thanks to the fact that the same institutes reduce uncertainty, structuring activities of individuals. The set of the formal and informal institutes created in economy represents the institutional environment. As a result the institutes perform functions of so called first and second order. Functions of the first order have specific character and solve specific objectives which are the cornerstone of rules: coordination, cooperation and distribution. The institutional environment performs the functions of the second order, which are aimed on market regulation, ensuring predictability and stability, safety, minimization of costs for transactions and training. In this article the main directions, conditions and approaches of transformations in the housing market are revealed. Forming of the structure and the environment of the housing market in the form of public-and-private partnership is analyzed. The marketing role in implementation of interaction between subjects of the housing market is revealed.