Complex Febrile Convulsion And Malaria Induced Psychosis In An African Child

摘要

Introduction Malaria is the most common infectious childhood illness affecting the under five-year age group in the tropics. There are 300-500 million reported cases globally every year of which 3-3.5 million result in death. 1Of the 4 species of the protozoan causing malaria, plasmodium falciparum is the most dangerous. It has the ability of giving rise to systemic complications such as acute renal failure, pulmonary edema, anemia and bleeding disturbances. Common central nervous complications of acute malaria include febrile convulsions and cerebral malaria. 1,2 Psychosis arising from acute malaria is unusual; however it may complicate cerebral malaria. Anti-malarial drugs and fever have been associated with psychosis in individuals with acute malaria disease.;Case Report A 3-year-old boy presented at the emergency unit of the State hospital, Osogbo, Western Nigeria, with one-day history of fever, vomiting and sleeplessness. The parents gave Artemisin, Chloroquine and Paracetamol tablets at home on the evening the fever was noticed. At 12 midnight the patient developed bizarre reactions. He was sleepless, shouting and beating his father. The patient also had three episodes of brief intermittent generalized convulsions, each episode occurring every hour and lasting for less than one minute without post-ictal sleep. The patient has had a previous episode of febrile convulsion secondary to malaria one year before the present illness. No other family member has had a history suggestive of febrile convulsions, epilepsy or psychosis. The patient has taken Chloroquine and Artemisin for malaria disease several times in the past without developing adverse reactions. No other drugs had been given. Examination revealed a conscious and agitated child with a temperature of 38.9°C. He had cold extremities but was not pale, cyanosed, icteric or dehydrated. The essential findings on examination of the central nervous system were those of a conscious and restless child with irrational speech. There were no signs of meningeal irritation and the cranial nerves were normal. Cardiorespiratory findings included a pulse rate of 160 beats per minute, blood pressure of 90/50 in the supine position and a respiratory rate of 44 cycles per minute. The liver was not tender but it was enlarged to 3cm below the costal margin, with a firm consistency and a smooth surface. The spleen was enlarged to 2cm below the costal margin. No other abnormalities were detected on systemic examination.An assessment of complex febrile convulsion and malaria-induced psychosis was made. The blood film showed trophozoites of Plasmodim falciparum one plus. The pack cell volume was 36% and the total white blood cell count and differentials were reported normal. Microbiological and chemical analyses of the cerebrospinal fluid were also reported normal. Computerized tomography scanning of the brain was normal. The random blood sugar was 7.3 mmol/l.The patient was subsequently placed on intravenous fluids (4.3% dextrose saline), at maintenance rate. Five milligrams of Diazepam was added to this fluid. The patient slept 30 minutes after the commencement of the intravenous fluids. On waking up five hours later all the abnormalities on presentation had resolved except for pyrexia, which was still present. This was managed by tepid sponging. Oral doses of Artemisin and Chloroquine were recommenced and completed. The fever subsided on the second day of admission and improvement was sustained. There after, the patient was discharged and was seen at the paediatric out patient clinic, fully recovered.;Discussion Febrile convulsions are the most common seizures in childhood and they affect 2-4% of the total childhood population.3 The chances of developing a recurrent febrile convulsion are 30-40%. 4 Malaria is a common cause of febrile convulsions in the tropics and also contributes to the development of epilepsy in later life. 5 Psychosis associated with malaria is an uncommon finding in