Functional organisation of the neural language system: Dorsal and ventral pathways are critical for syntax

摘要

The core of human language, which differentiates it from the communicative abilities of other species, is the set of combinatorial operations called syntax. For over a century researchers have attempted to understand how this essential function is organised in the brain. Here we combine behavioural and neuroimaging methods, with left hemisphere-damaged patients and healthy controls, to identify the pathways connecting the brain regions involved in syntactic processing. In a previous fMRI study (Tyler et al. 2010b) we established that regions of left inferior frontal cortex and left posterior middle temporal cortex were activated during syntactic processing. These clusters were used here as seeds for probabilistic tractography analyses in patients and controls, allowing us to delineate, and measure the integrity of, the white matter tracts connecting the frontal and temporal regions active for syntax. We found that structural disconnection in either of two fibre bundles - the arcuate fasciculus or the extreme capsule fibre system - was associated with syntactic impairment in patients. The results demonstrate the causal role in syntactic analysis of these two major left hemisphere fibre bundles - challenging existing views about their role in language functions, and providing a new basis for future research in this key area of human cognition.