安徽南陵出土部分青铜器研究

摘要

安徽省南陵县是长江下游地区最早而且规模最大的冶炼中心之一,其古代矿冶遗址可上溯至西周晚期。本研究对南陵出土的不同年代和类别的青铜器样品进行了金相检测及合金成分定量分析。结果表明,只有容器存在铜铅二元合金和铜锡铅三元合金,但是热锻淬火的容器却不含铅,含锡量恰好位于适合该工艺操作并具有良好性能的区间。兵器、工具、车马饰均为铜锡二元合金,说明当时的工匠对于合金成分配比与性能的关系有明确的认识。越式鼎腹部样品具有热锻淬火马氏体组织,同样的金属结构还见于汉代铜锣等乐器、峡江地区战国中晚期青铜剑、江都大桥镇南朝青铜器窖藏出土的多件青铜容器,而镇江地区出土吴国青铜戈则具有铸造淬火组织,工艺稍有差别。这些器物中发现高锡青铜淬火组织不是偶然的,高锡青铜热锻淬火技术至少可以上溯至春秋战国时期,用以改善高锡青铜的机械性能。%Ancient mining and smelter remains in Nanling county,Anhui province show that this region is one of earliest and biggest metallurgical industry centers in the lower reaches of Yangzi river of China.The earliest Jiangmuchong site was dated to the late West Zhou dynasty. Microstructures and compositions of various bronze samples from Nanling county and dated from late West Zhou Dynasty to Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods were investigatd.Examination reveals that some vessels are copper-lead or copper-tin-lead alloys.However,those made by hot forging,followed by quenching do not contain lead,but rather have a tin content that is right for the technique and good for their properties.Weapons,tools and horse and cart decorations are all copper-tin alloys,suggesting that the bronze artisans at the time had a good understanding of the relationship between an alloy＇s composition and its properties.The body of a ＂Ding＂ in the ＂Yue＂ style shows a martensite structure formed by hot forging followed by quenching.Similar structures were found in bronze gongs and cymbals dated to the Han Dynasty（206 B.C.-A.D.220）,bronze sword from the Xiajiang region dated to the mid-to-late Warring States period,and bronze vessels excavated from pit storage and dated to the Southern Dynasties.Two bronze weapons（Ge）,from the Wu state,have structures that show quenching after casting,a slightly different technique.The working of these bronze structures is not accidental;in fact these bronzes show that the hot working and quenching technique was applied to high tin bronze dating back to at least the Spring and Autumn and Warring states periods and that the technique was used to improve mechanical properties of high tin bronze alloys.