In ancient Chinese documents there were three frontier fortresses in the eastern boundary of the ancient Yan State, including"Leyang","Manfanhan", and"Zhansai". There were wrong ideas about the location of the three frontier fortresses. Through textual research the conclusion has been made that the west section of Upper Zhang was the present place form Huang Zhou to Zhang Xiang Li in the south west of Pingrang City Proper and extended to Suian, the Yellow Sea North Course and from Wenhu Li to Fanchuanli was called Lower Zhang, which was also called Manfanhan.
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