曾国藩是最后一批士大夫的代表,被称为＂中国最后一位大儒＂,而严复是第一代现代知识分子的典型,被视为＂中国西学第一人＂。他们均是传统文化经世致用精神的继承者与弘扬者,均不满于汉学宋学无用、无实,传承了文化传统中的经邦济世情怀与实事求是精神;均文宗桐城派,由曾国藩推动而实现中兴的桐城古文,经严复以先秦文体表达现代思想这一中介,成为五四新文学运动的前驱。从曾国藩到严复,既有继承,也有扬弃。在某些方面,严复的思想是在曾国藩等人思想的基础上发展而来的,如：从曾国藩等人的变易论通向严复介绍的进化论;均为军事近代化尤其是建设近代海军的重要推动者;从曾国藩将传统学术门类中增加＂经济之学＂,到严复从西方引进现代经济学;从曾国藩倡导＂格致＂,到严复全面介绍西方科学;均为中国教育近代化尤其是近代中国留学教育的先驱者、先行者。严复对曾国藩思想也有突破性发展：以＂自由为体,民主为用＂否定了＂中学为体,西学为用＂的思想;对纲常名教和君主专制采取激烈抨击、全面颠覆的态度,体现出资产阶级民主主义与封建专制主义的天壤之别;曾国藩终其一生没有从旧学中突破、突围,而严复对旧学进行揭露与批评和学术形态从传统到现代的转型和中国现代社会科学学术体系的建立开启了闸门。%Zeng Guofan was the representative of the last group of literati and officialdoms known as "the last great scholar in China" as while Yan Fu was the model of the first generation of modern intellectuals thought as "the first Chinese introducing western culture".Both of them were not satisfied with futility and emptiness of the Han School of classical philology and Song learning.They were inheritors and promoters of traditional spirit of statecraft and seeing truth from facts.Both of them inherited Tong Cheng School,which expressed modern ideas in pre-Qin literary style by Yan Fu et al.and was improved greatly by Zeng Guofan.In some respects,Yan Fu developed his thoughts on the basis of westernization ideology of Zeng Guofan et al.For example,Zeng Guofan advocated idea of change,while Yan Fu introduced theory of evaluation;Zeng Guofan added economics to traditional subjects,Yan Fu introduced modern economics from the West;Zeng Guofan advocated "Gezhi"(an old name of physics),Yan Fu introduced western science completely.Both of them were promoters of military modernization and pioneers of education modernization.Yan Fu not only inherited Zeng Guofan's thoughts,but also developed it greatly.He advocated "Freedom as substance with democracy as means",he denied "Chinese learning as substance with western learning as means".He attacked against traditional ethical thoughts and Feudal autocracy strongly.Zeng Guofan did not break through traditional culture all his life,while Yan Fu criticized traditional culture,led to the beginning of transformation of academic from traditional form to modern form and the establishment of Chinese modern social science system as well.
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