不同时期施氮比例与种植方式对豫南稻区粳稻产量性状和氮素利用效率的影响

摘要

采用裂区设计,在豫南地区研究了不同时期施氮比例和种植方式(手插秧、机插秧)对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响,为指导豫南稻区水稻生产提供理论依据.结果表明,手插秧、机插秧2种种植方式下,与不施氮肥处理相比,不同氮素配比(基蘖肥与穗肥比例分别为4∶6、5∶5、6∶4、7∶3)均可提高水稻的穗粒数和产量,手插秧条件下以氮素配比为6∶4产量最高,增幅达27.65％;机插秧条件下以氮素配比为7∶3产量最高,增幅达115.55％;且机插秧产量高于手插秧,但差异未达到显著水平.手插秧在6∶4处理条件下有效穗数和穗粒数高于其他处理;机插秧在5∶5处理条件下有效穗数最高,在7∶3处理条件下穗粒数最高;手插秧和机插秧对照的结实率和千粒质量最高.手插秧成熟期干物质积累在氮素配比为6∶4达最大;抽穗开花期,手插秧与机插秧在氮素配比6∶4与7∶3处理条件下叶片、茎鞘、植株氮素含量较高;氮素生理利用率,在不同氮素配比条件下机插秧均高于手插秧,且2种种植方式均以氮素配比7∶3为最高;氮素偏生产力,手插秧条件下以氮素配比6∶4为最高,机插秧条件下以氮素配比7∶3最高;而百千克籽粒需氮量,手插秧条件下以氮素配比5∶5与6∶4最高,机插秧条件下以氮素配比6∶4最高.因此,种植方式对氮素配比的响应存在明显差异,手插秧和机插秧的最佳施氮配比分别为6∶4和7∶3,此时产量和氮素利用效率最高.%The effects of nitrogen application rate at different stages and planting pattern [artificial transplanting(AT) and mechanical transplanting(MT)] on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency were studied under the precise and quantitative cultivation with the split plot experiment design in paddy field in southern Henan province.This study could provide a certain theoretical foundation for rice production in paddy field in southern Henan province.The results indicated that under the two different planting patterns,different nitrogen ratios(the ratios of base tillering fertilizer to panicle fertilizer were 4∶ 6,5∶ 5,6∶ 4,and 7∶3) could significantly improve the grain number per spikelet and grain yield of rice.In the AT way,the nitrogen proportion of 6∶4 had the highest yield,which increased by 27.65％ compared with the control without nitrogen fertilizer,while the nitrogen proportion of 7∶3 in the MT way had the highest yield,which increased by 115.55％ compared with the control.In addition,the production of MT was higher than that of AT,but the difference did not reach the significant level.In case of AT,effective panicles and grain number in 6 ∶ 4 were higher than those of other treatments;while in MT,effective panicles were highest in 5∶5,and grain number was highest in 7∶3;and the seed setting rate and 1 000 grain weight were highest in control under AT and MT.The dry matter accumulation at the mature stage in AT reached the maximum at the nitrogen ratio of 6∶ 4.At the heading and flowering stage,the nitrogen content in leaves and stems was higher with nitrogen ratios of 6 ∶ 4 and 7 ∶ 3 under AT and MT,respectively.The MT had a higher level than AT in the nitrogen use physiological efficiency under different nitrogen ratios,and the best nitrogen ratio was 7∶3 for the two planting methods.The AT had the highest partial factor productivity at the nitrogen ratio of 6∶ 4,but the MT was 7∶ 3.The highest nitrogen use for 100 kg grain was 5∶5 and 6∶4 in AT,while 6∶4 in MT.Therefore,there was a significant effect on yield with different nitrogen proportions under different cultivation ways.The best nitrogen ratios for AT and MT were 6∶4 and 7∶3 respectively,under which AT and MT had the highest yield and nitrogen use efficiency.