麦后夏直播花生高效施氮技术研究

摘要

[目的]确立麦后夏直播花生栽培模式下的氮肥高效施用技术。[方法]以花生品种花育25号为试验材料，采用随机区组排列，设常规施肥、包膜控释尿素、混合施肥3个处理，研究不同施肥方式及施肥量对麦后夏直播花生生长及产量的影响。[结果]混合施肥处理的花生生育期较常规施肥、缓控释肥处理的花生生育期分别长6、4 d，且混合施肥处理的花生成熟期叶色较深绿、生长稳健。混合施肥处理的花生主茎高较常规施肥、缓控释肥处理分别减少了4．43％、2．10％；混合施肥处理的花生侧枝长较常规施肥处理减少了2．42％，与缓控释肥处理差异较小；3个处理间总分枝数差异较小。混合施肥处理较缓控释肥、常规施肥处理的单株果数分别多1．1、1．6个；百果重分别重10．1、14．0 g；果数分别减少7．5、8．6个／kg；出米率分别高1．4、2．0个百分点。不同施肥处理间，混合施肥处理的荚果产量最高，较缓控释肥和常规施肥处理分别提高了7．03％、12．58％，3个处理间荚果产量差异显著。[结论]混合施肥可延长夏花生的有效生长期，促进花生生长稳健，防止早衰；可改善花生植株性状，塑造高光效的株型结构；可促进果实发育，粒大，粒饱；可显著提高花生产量，具有明显的节肥增产效果。%Objective] The aim was to establish nitrogen application technology which is high-efficiency for summer-planting peanut after wheat harvest.[Method] With Huayu 25 as test material, using random group arrangement, setting up conventional fertilization, coated controlled-re-lease urea and mixed fertilization, effects of different fertilization ways and quantity on growth and yield of summer-planting peanut after wheat harvest were studied.[Result] The growth period of peanut in mixed fertilization treatment was respectively 6 days and 4 days longer than that in conventional fertilization and coated controlled-release urea, and it had darker green leaves and stable vigor in mature period; the main stem height decreased by 4.43% and 2.10%; the branch length decreased by 2.42% than conventional fertilization, and it had small difference with controlled-release urea; branch number had insignificant difference among three treatments.Pod number per plant of mixed fertilization increased by 1.1 and 1.6 respectively than coated controlled-release urea and conventional fertilization; 100-pod weight increased by 10.1 g and 14.0 g;fruit number per kilogram decreased by 7.5 and 8.6; shelling percentage increased by 1.4% and 2.0%.Mixed fertilization had the highest pod yield, which increased by 7.03% and 12.58% respectively than coated controlled-release urea and conventional fertilization.Three treatments had significant difference in pod yield.[Conclusion] Mixed fertilization can extend summer-planting peanut effective growth period and protect it from premature senescence; improve plant agronomic traits and develop plant type with high photosynthetic efficiency; promote fruit growth; save fertilizer and increase yield significantly.