对重金属和辐射污染的土壤和地下水的微生物修复

摘要

Contamination of environments by heavy metals and radionuclides has become a serious problem worldwide. The treatment of heavy metals and radionuclides in environments by specific microorganisms such as metal-reducing and metal- resistant bacteria has become promising technology. The successful application of in-situ bioremediation will provide potential ways to clean up heavy metals and radionuclides in contaminated environments. Recent studies also focus on understanding the effect of heavy metals and radionuclides on the microorganisms in the microbial community. Microbial mats and biofilms are two representative microbial communities functioning in bioremediation. Metal speciation and valence variation, transport processes, and microbial metabolism are three important ingredients for metal and radionuclide remediation. Combining these ingredients enables us to better understand the relationships between the naturally occurring microorganisms and bioremediation processes.%由重金属和辐射产生的环境污染在世界范围内产生了一系列问题.利用特殊的微生物如金属还原和耐金属细菌对环境中的金属和辐射污染进行处理具有非常好的前景.现场的生物修复的成功应用将对清除污染环境中的重金属和辐射提供潜在方法.最近的研究还关注于了解在微生物群体内重金属和辐射对微生物的作用.生物毯和生物膜是在生物修复中具有代表性的两种微生物群落的机能.金属的种类和价态变化、转移过程以及微生物代谢作用是对金属和辐射生物修复的三种重要的组成部分.结合以上三方面,可以更好的了解自然中的微生物和生物修复过程之间的关系.