大豆抗原蛋白对南美白对虾生长、消化及非特异性免疫的影响

摘要

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of soybean glycinin and β-conglycinin on growth, digestion and non-specific immune of Litopenaeus vannamei when the dietary fish meal ( FM) and soybean meal ( SBM) substitution with fermented soybean meal ( FSBM) . In experiment 1, five isonitroge-nous and isoenergetic diets were formulated for L. vannamei, a basal diet ( D0 group) contained 30% FM and 15% SBM was formulated firstly, and then the FM and SBM (2:1) in the basal diets were replaced by 2%( D2 group) , 5% ( D5 group) , 8% ( D8 group) and 15% ( D15 group) of FSBM, respectively. In experi-ment 2, three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated for L. vannamei, a basal diet ( the same as D0 group in experiment 1) was formulated firstly, and then replacing SBM in the basal diet with casein ( no al-lergic proteins, DC group) and soybean protein isolate ( contained a little allergic proteins, DF group) com-pletely to meet the lower soybean allergic proteins in diets. L. vannamei with the initial average body weight of (5.86±0.04) g were randomly assigned to 7 groups with 3 replicates of 60 shrimp for each group in outdoor cement tank cultured 44 days. Results of experiment 1 showed that with FSBM supplemental level increasing,the feed conversion ratio ( FCR) was firstly decreased and then increased and the lowest value was found in D5 group;protein efficiency ratio ( PER) and survival rate ( SR) were firstly increased and then decreased and the highest values were found in D5 and D8 groups, respectively. The whole body crude protein and crude lipid contents, and hepatosomatic index in D8 group were the highest, and significantly higher than those in D5 group ( P<0.05) . The apparent digestibility of dry matter ( ADDM) in D15 group was significantly lower than that in D0 group ( P<0.05);the apparent digestibility of crude protein ( ADCP) in D5 group was significantly lower than that in other groups ( P<0.05) . The activities of amylase, lipase and trypsin in hepatopancreas were firstly increased and then decreased, and the highest values were found in D8, D5 and D2 groups, respective-ly. The activities of superoxide dismutase ( SOD) , lysozyme ( LYZ) and alkaline phosphatase ( AKP) in hep-atopancreas were observed a tendency of decrease with FSBM supplemental level increasing. Hepatopancreas aspartate aminotransferase ( AST) activity in D5, D8 and D15 groups was significantly lower than that in D0 group ( P<0.05) , while hepatopancreas alanine aminotransferase ( ALT) activity in D2 group was significantly lower than that in other groups ( P<0.05) . Results of experiment 2 showed that SR, PER and FCR were signif-icant differences in all groups ( P<0.05) , and highest values were found in DF group. The whole body crude protein content in DC and DF groups was significantly higher than that in D0 group (P<0.05); the whole body crude lipid content in DF group was significantly lower than that in DC and D0 groups ( P<0.05); the hepatosomatic index in DC group was significantly higher than that in DF and D0 groups (P<0.05). ADDM and ADCP had the lowest values in DF group, which were significantly lower than those in D0 and DC groups ( P<0.05) . The activities of amylase and lipase in hepatopancreas were showed that DC group>DF group>D0 group, and significant differences were found among all groups ( P<0.05); the activity of trypsin in hepato-pancreas DC group was significantly lower than that in D0 group ( P<0.05) . The hepatopancreas SOD activity in DC group was significantly lower than that in DF group ( P<0.05) , and the hepatopancreas LYZ activity in DC group was significantly lower than that in D0 group ( P<0. 05 ) , while the activities of hepatopancreas AKP, AST and ALT in DC group were significantly higher than those in D0 and DF groups (P<0.05). In conclusion, soybean allergic proteins ( glycinin and β-coglycinin) affect growth, digestion and non-specific immune of L. vannamei. Decreasing of allergic proteins content in diets has beneficial effects for FM and SBM in diets are replaced by FSBM. In present experiment, suggesting that FM and SBM are replaced by no more than 15% of FSBM is feasible in the formulation of L. vannamei diet.%本试验旨在研究发酵豆粕替代饲料中鱼粉及豆粕时,大豆球蛋白和β-伴球蛋白对南美白对虾生长、消化及非特异性免疫的影响. 试验1:首先配制含30%鱼粉和15%豆粕的基础饲料( D0组) ,然后分别用2%( D2组)、5%( D5 组)、8%( D8 组)和15%( D15 组)的发酵豆粕替代基础饲料中的鱼粉和豆粕,共配制出5种等氮等能的试验饲料. 试验2:首先配制基础饲料(即试验1中的基础饲料) ,然后分别用酪蛋白( DC组,不含抗原蛋白)和大豆分离蛋白( DF组,含少量抗原蛋白)完全替代基础饲料中的豆粕,共配制出3种等氮等能的试验饲料. 选用初始均重为(5.86±0.04) g的南美白对虾进行试验,随机分为7组,每组3个重复(60尾/重复),在室外水泥池中养殖44 d. 试验1结果显示:随着发酵豆粕添加量的增加,饲料系数呈先降后升趋势,以D5组最低;蛋白质效率和成活率呈先升后降趋势,分别以D5、D8组最高. 全虾粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量、肝胰指数均以D8组最高,均显著高于D5组( P<0.05). D15组的干物质表观消化率显著低于D0组(P<0.05);D5组粗蛋白质表观消化率显著低于其余各组(P<0.05). 肝胰腺淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活力随发酵豆粕添加量的增加均呈先升后降的趋势,分别在D8、D5和D2组获得最大值. 肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶和碱性磷酸酶活力随发酵豆粕添加量的增加基本呈降低趋势;D5、D8、D15 组的肝胰腺谷草转氨酶活力显著低于 D0 组( P<0.05);肝胰腺谷丙转氨酶活力表现为D2组显著低于其他各组( P<0.05). 试验2结果显示:成活率、蛋白质效率和饲料系数各组间均存在显著差异(P<0.05),且均以DF组最高. DC和DF组的全虾粗蛋白质含量显著高于D0组( P<0.05);DF组的全虾粗脂肪含量显著低于DC和D0组(P<0.05);DC组的肝胰指数显著高于DF和D0组(P<0.05). 干物质和粗蛋白质表观消化率均以DF组最低,并显著低于D0和DC组( P<0.05). 肝胰腺淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力表现为DC组>DF组>D0组,组间差异显著( P<0.05);DC组的肝胰腺胰蛋白酶活力显著低于D0 组( P<0.05). DC组的肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶活力显著低于DF组(P<0.05),溶菌酶活力显著低于D0组(P<0.05),而碱性磷酸酶、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活力则显著高于 D0 和 DF组(P<0.05). 以上结果表明大豆抗原蛋白(球蛋白和β-伴球蛋白)影响南美白对虾的生长、消化和非特异性免疫;大豆抗原蛋白含量的降低有助于南美白对虾饲料中发酵豆粕对鱼粉和豆粕的替代. 在本试验条件下,南美白对虾饲料中使用不超过15%的发酵豆粕替代鱼粉和豆粕是可行的.