Fishing impacts on marine ecosystems off Brazil, with emphasis on the northeastern region.

摘要

This study is the first contribution towards the development of ecosystem-based fisheries management in northeastern Brazil, through the exploration of fishing policies based on a trophic model. The following objectives were addressed: (1) analysis of the richness of common names of Brazilian fishes; (2) reconstruction of time series of marine catches; (3) modelling of trophic interactions off northeastern Brazil; and (4) assessment of fishing policies. The analysis of common names indicated a high richness of names per species (average = 6) and the use of the same common name for different species, with a negative impact on the accuracy of catch statistics. The reconstruction of catch time series was based on landings from national yearbooks, and from ICCAT and FAO's databases (1978-2000), allowing for the detection of 'fishing down the food web' in northeastern Brazil. The trophic model estimated a total biomass for this ecosystem of 222 tonnes·km-2 (excluding detritus), and indicated a low degree of omnivory and the high importance of detritus. Simulations for 2001-2028 indicated that current fishing effort is unsustainable for lobsters and swordfish; however, the model inadequately described the dynamics of swordfish, tunas, and other large pelagics, which have large distribution areas. The simulation of optimum fishing policies led to a diverse fleet when ecosystem health was emphasized. If the main objective was economic or social (or a combination of both and ecosystem health), manual collection of coastal resources, and demersal industrial fisheries could be boosted, while the lobster and longline fisheries should be phased out. A 50% reduction in effort for lobster fisheries would not produce significant changes in lobster biomass; a reduction in effort to the 1978 level (fMSY) would lead to biomass recovery. The instability of institutions responsible for fisheries management in Brazil has had a deleterious impact on the resources. This negative impact is expected to increase due to the current split of responsibility between two institutions with diverse agendas. An improvement in the collection system of catch statistics is recommended, which would consider a standardized set of common names, as well as gathering information on biological, economic, and social components of this ecosystem and its fisheries.