渤海碧海计划与切萨皮克湾计划的比较研究

摘要

本文介绍了两个区域海洋管理案例，中国的“渤海碧海行动计划”和美国的“切萨皮克湾项目”。并从管理的角度对上述两个项目进行比较分析。首先，本文将会对区域海洋管理、基于生态系统的管理、海岸带综合管理等相关概念进行综述。其次，本文将对“渤海碧海行动计划”、“切萨皮克湾项目”的基本情况进行介绍。最后，本文将会对上述两个项目进行分析比较。区域海洋管理强调了跨行政区合作在海岸带或者海洋生态系统管理中的重要作用。因此，本文着重强调了两个项目的管理框架、管理制度，以及不同行政区域的协调合作机制。从区域海洋管理的角度来说，一个地区或一个国家对生态系统的关注程度准确的体现在其解决跨行政边界的环境问题时愿意付出多大的努力。这应该就是区域海洋管理的参与者一直在尝试解决的核心问题吧？在此基础上，本文的目的是对上述项目实践与区域海洋管理的理论框架进行比较分析，并且检验跨行政区管理的核心理念是否得以落实。
　　此研究表明尽管双方政权机制切实根据区域海洋管理条例实行“渤海碧海行动计划”与“切萨皮克湾项目”，但“切萨皮克湾项目”的实施偏离了区域海洋管理的基本原理，因为“切萨皮克湾项目”的管理机制不能做到真正行使其行政司法管辖权，牵涉其中利益的相关人士不积极参与配合实行此项目，此外“切萨皮克湾项目”的网络监督体系不够完善。与此同时，这项研究也表明两项计划失败的原因都与政治经济紧密相连，管辖权的无力严重阻碍计划的实施，以至计划无法达到预期的目标，这点在“切萨皮克湾项目”的实行中犹为突出。本文认为两项计划的成功离不开进一步完善的内部经济体制与区域管辖间的互相协调合作以及透明的有效的管理体系。

目录

声明

Table of Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

List of Maps

List of Abbreviations

Abstract

摘要

Chapter 1：Introduction

1．1 General Introduction

1．2 Analytical Framework

Chapter 2：Review of Key Concepts

2．1 Overview

2．2 Governance and Regional Ocean Governance

2．2．1 Definitions

2．2．2 Conceptualization of ROG

2．2．3 Establishing a ROG Regime

2．2．4 Trans-Jurisdictional Integration

2．2．5 Regionalism，Place and Place-Based Management

2．2．6 Political Capital

2．3 Governance in China

2．3．1 General Overview of the Structure of the Chinese State

2．3．2 The Nomenclature System

2．3．3 Tiáo-Kuài

2．3．4 Guānxi

2．4 Ocean and Coastal Management

2．4．1 Schools and Definitions：OCM，EBM，CZM，and ICZM

2．4．2 Iterative Decision Making and Implementing Framework

2．4．3 Strategies and Action Plans

2．4．4 Institutional Arrangements

2．4．5 Sustainable Financing Mechanism

2．4．6 Stakeholder Support and Consultation

2．4．7 Scientific Support and Communication

2．4．8 Communication and Information Exchange

2．4．9 Monitoring，Evaluation and Data Exchange

Chapter 3：The Bohai Sea

3．1 Description

3．2 Pollution and Threats

3．3 Background of the Clean Bohai Sea Program

3．4 Management Mechanism

3．4．1 Old Management System under the BBSAP

3．4．2 New Management System under the OMPBS

3．4．3 Management Areas

3．4．4 Goals and Objectives

3．5 Monitoring

3．6 Financing

3．7 Results

3．7．1 CBSP／BBSAP Results

3．7．2 CBSP／OMPBS Results

Chapter 4：The Chesapeake Bay

4．1 Description

4．2 Background of the Chesapeake Bay Program

4．3 Management Structure of the Chesapeake Bay Program

4．3．1 Overall Structure

4．3．2 Chesapeake Executive Council

4．3．3 Principle Staff Committee

4．3．4 Independent Evaluator Action Team

4．3．5 Citizen’s Advisory Committee

4．3．6 Local Government Advisory Council

4．3．7 Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee

4．3．8 Management Board

4．3．9 Communications Workgroup and the Communications Office

4．3．10 Scientific，Technical Assessment Reporting

4．3．11 The Goal Implementation Teams

4．3．12 Chesapeake Bay Federal Leadership Committee

4．3．13 The Chesapeake Bay Commission

4．3．14 Chesapeake Bay Program Decision Making Process

4．3．15 Management Area

4．4 Goals and Objectives

4．4．1 Past Goals and Objectives

4．4．2 The Current Regime：the 2009 2-Year Milestone System，Executive Order and Chesapeake Bay TMDL

4．4．3 Forthcoming：Chesapeake Bay Watershed Agreement

4．5 Monitoring

4．5．1 Basic Overview of CBP Monitoring

4．5．2 Non-Tidal Monitoring Network

4．5．3 Expansion of Non-Tidal Monitoring Network

4．5．4 Tidal Monitoring Network

4．6 Financing

4．6．1 Government Financing

4．6．2 Financing by CBP Goal

4．6．3 Analysis of Funding Data

4．7 Results

4．7．1 General Overview

Chapter 5：Evaluation and Comparison

Chapter 6：Conclusion

References

Acknowledgements