Fabrication of various carbon nanostructures by Q-switched Nd:YAG laser ablation of graphite in water

摘要

In the past decades, research on carbon nanomaterials has developed tremendously because of unique physical and chemical properties. Carbon exists as three well known allotropes, distinguished by their orbital hybridisations: diamond, graphite and carbyne, with sp, sp and sp structures, respectively. In 1978, Strelnitskii et al. observed a new crystalline phase of carbon that was named C_8, because there are eight carbon atoms in the primitive cell with the body-centered cubic (bcc) phase. Another kind of carbon allotrope was a metallic form of carbon with face-centred cubic structure, with a lattice constant of 0.3594 nm that was referred to as 'n-diamond' (new-diamond), because the lattice parameter was similar to the diamond.