Electrochemical energy conversion and storage systems are very important in today's worldwide efforts to decarbonize the energy sector. Indeed, these systems exhibit a very high energy conversion efficiency, are easy to scale-up and are not affected by geographical constrains. Two important examples of these systems are ion-exchange membrane fuel cells (IEMFCs) and redox flow batteries (RFBs). On one hand, ion-exchange membrane fuel cells are particularly suited for light-duty vehicles and small-scale stationary systems (e.g., auxiliary power units) owing to their high energy and power densities. On the other hand, redox flow batteries are ideally suited to the large-scale storage of energy for the power grid as they are characterized by a very high turnover efficiency and an outstanding cyclability.
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