Two fire protection systems are often used to protect tunnels from severe fires - active Fixed Fire-fighting Systems to protect the tunnel environment, and passive to protect the tunnel structure. Both systems are typically used independently for the same tunnel. The goals of a Fixed Fire-fighting System (FFFS) is to slow, stop, or reverse the rate of fire growth by absorbing some of the energy of the fire, which reduces temperature and protects the major structural elements of the tunnel. Fire suppression requires sufficient application of water for the reduction of the fire heat release rate and to provide substantial cooling of the products of combustion and cooling of the critical structural elements. Based on engineering, CFD analysis and the fire tests conducted on concrete specimen, it was concluded that the proposed Fixed Fire-fighting System with desired water application rate will protect the proposed concrete lining during the design fire event.
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