The Evolution of the Management Thoughts of Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism in Zhongnan Area

摘要

Mountain Zhongnan, located in the middle of Qinling mountains, is a natural boundary between the southern and northern China. Characterized by magnificent landscape and strategic meaning, it is a place adored by rulers. As early as the very beginning of Zhou dynasty, in the east of Zhongnan mountainous area, Feng jing and Hao jing ('hao' means brightness) was successively established alongside Feng River (one of the eight major rivers of Xi'an city, also known as the branch of Wei River). In spite of the vicissitudes of dynasties and ruling governments, this area had remained close to the heart of dynasties, such as Qin, Han, Sui and Tang. Thanks to its unique geographical condition, Mountain Zhongnan is not only the convergence of three main thoughts in China's history, namely Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism, but also the sacred palace where the China's ancient Ruling thoughts and ethic morals came into being. Zhongnan culture is a crystallization of Chinese material cultures and spiritual cultures. It integrated Nomadic Farming civilization of south China with the agriculture civilization of central China, the Rule of Ritual of Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC) with the Rule of Law of Qin Dynasty (221-207BC), the Ba Wang Dao (The Rule of justice and penalty, founded by Emperor Xuan) of Han Dynasty with Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism of Sui (581-618) and Tang dynasties (618-907). Then, in Song Dynasty (960-1279), it evolved into Zhongnan Xue or Guan Xue. Ever since then, Guan Xue, continuously refreshing itself as the time past, has left deep impact on the Ruling of royal governments and gradually become the symbol of the local culture. Mountain Zhongnan (also known as Mountain zhongnan or Mountain Taiyi) is located in the middle of Qinling mountains, bordering Wu Gong (a county in east Xian Yang city) in west and Lan Tian (in today's south suburb of Xi'an City, including Chang'an district, Zhouzhi county and Hu county) in east, it is the natural boundary between the southern and northern China. Characterized by magnificent landscape and strategic meaning, it is a place adored by rulers. As early as the very beginning of Zhou dynasty, in the east of Zhongnan mountainous area, Feng jing and Hao jing ('Hao' means brightness) was successively established alongside Feng River (one of the eight major rivers of Xi'an city, also known as the branch of Wei River). In spite of the vicissitudes of dynasties and ruling governments, this area had remained close to the heart of dynasties, such as Qin, Han, Sui and Tang. Zhongnan culture is a crystallization of Chinese material cultures and spiritual cultures. It integrated Nomadic Farming civilization of south China with the agriculture civilization of central China, the Rule of Ritual of Zhou dynasty with the Rule of Law of Qin dynasty, the Ba Wang Dao (The Rule of justice and penalty, founded by Emperor Xuan) of Han dynasty with Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism of Sui and Tang dynasties. It is at the foot of this mountain where Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism converged, which then formed the basis of ancient China's ruling ideology and morality principles.