European Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Cell Carcinomas: 2011 Update

摘要

Urothelial carcinomas are the fourth most common tumors, and 5% to 10% are upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas (UUT-UCCs). Approximately 8% to 13% have concomitant bladder cancer; later recurrence in the bladder occurs in 30% to 51%, and 2% to 6% of cases occur in the contralateral kidney. Over 95% of urothelial carcinomas are derived from the urothelium and correspond to UUT-UCCs, with the same variants as bladder carcinomas. Epidermoid carcinomas of the upper urinary tract represent less than 10% of pyelocaliceal tumors and are even more rare within the ureter.