Acid mine drainage (AMD), mine tailings and waste rocks are three of the biggest environmental challenges of the 21~(st) century and strategies for their sustainable management remain elusive. The number of closed and abandoned mines around the world is staggering. In a recent review of Park et al., (2019), for example, it was noted that there are over 550 000, 52 000, 10 000, 5400 and 5300 closed and abandoned mines in the US, Australia, Canada, Japan and China, respectively, and many of these mines have been releasing AMD into the environment. Acid mine drainage, sometimes referred to as acid rock drainage, is the very acidic leachate or effluent containing high concentrations of dissolved heavy metals (e.g., lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe)) and toxic metalloids (arsenic (As) and selenium (Se)) that is generated in mine sites primarily due to the exposure of sulphide minerals like pyrite to oxidising conditions (Fig. 1; Tabelin et al., 2018; Tomiyama et al., 2019). In a closed copper, iron, and pyrite mine located in the mountains of northern Honshu, Japan, for example, the sealed underground mine workings and tailings dams have been releasing AMD with a pH of 2.1 and high concentrations of dissolved metals (700 mg/L of Fe, 2800 mg/L of SO_4~(2-), 13 mg/L of Cu, 15 mg/L of Zn and 800 μg/L of As) at an average flow rate of about 60 m3/h, which is being continuously treated since mine closure (Herrera et al., 2007a).
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机译：酸性矿山排水（AMD），矿山尾矿和废物岩是21〜（ST）世纪的最大环境挑战的三个，其可持续管理策略仍然难以捉摸。世界各地的封闭和废弃地雷的数量是惊人的。例如，在最近的审查中，（2019），例如，有人指出，在美国，澳大利亚，加拿大，日本和日本和50万，52000,0000,5400和5300枚封闭和废弃的矿山。分别为中国，其中许多矿山一直在将AMD释放到环境中。酸性矿喷射，有时被称为酸性岩石排水，是含有高浓度溶解的重金属的酸性渗滤液或流出物（例如，铅（Pb），铜（Cu），锌（Zn）和铁（Fe））和在矿位点产生的有毒金属（砷（AS）和硒（SE））主要是由于硫化物矿物如氧化条件（图1; Tabelin等，2018; Tomiyama等，2019年，2019年）。在封闭的铜，铁和硫铁矿矿位于日本北部的北部山区，例如，密封的地下矿山工作和尾矿坝一直释放了amd，pH为2.1和高浓度的溶解金属（700 mg / L的Fe，2800mg / L的SO_4〜（2-），13mg / L Zn，15毫克/升Zn和800μg/ L的平均流量为约60 m 3 / h，自矿井关闭以来被持续治疗（Herrera等，2007a）。
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