Microbial fuel cells(MFCs)can generate electricity using different microorganisms as biocatalysts from many organic substances,including wastewater.For most microorganisms,it is not efficient for electrons to be transferred to electrodes due to electrically nonconductive cell walls and the obstruction from the peptide chain adjoining the active redox center of proteins.But this problem can be solved in MFCs by either adding artificial electron mediators or selecting specific bacterial strains that can produce electron mediators or bacterial strains with a strong ability to transfer electrons directly,
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